Globalization and Regional Strategies Essay Example for Free

sphericalization and regional Strategies EssayExecutive SummaryIt is clear large that in todays date of reference it is extremely critical for bulletproofs to adopt worldwide and personaal ancestry strategies in send to attain sustainable competitive advantage. But the question arises regarding motley of a MNE (Multinational Enterprise) as a globose firm. This essay criti clamory proves the work on regional outline as a response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino and attempts to cover the pursual aspects in detail.Notion of sphericalization and Global StrategyThis branch highlights the notion of world-wideization and way memorial tablets today establish a globose presence by adoption of unique business strategies. This part too details the three different kind of global strategies.Regional Strategy AnalysisThis part analyzes the conjecture and utilization of regional dodge concept of Globalization in concomitant as a response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino (2008) . It aims to vindicatoryify that in todays era very few global firms exists and secondly that sufficient amount of international business literature and theory is required to draw reflection on regional vs. global MNEs (Multinational Enterprises) strategy.The Theory of the Regional StrategyThis section explains the concept of regional strategy compend and illustrates the various regional theories as explained by Osegowitsch and Sammartino. understructureWith the concept of globalization and internationalization gaining more and more momentum everyday, this essay attempts to critically analyse the work of Osegowitsch and Sammartino on regional strategy. It starts with explaining the concept of globalisation and global strategy and tries to justify that in todays era very few global firms exist. supportly, it tries to establish that signifi peckt amount of international business literature and theory is demanded in order to draw conclusion on regional vs. global MNEs strategy by e xploring the theory of regional strategy.Notion of Globalization and Global StrategyGlobalization can be defined as a complex concept which enables firms to operate in various continents and countries across the globe in order to improve and maximise their profit margins, sustainability, worldwide existence and economies of scale (Blyton et al., 2001). Globalization provides platform not only to consumers unless too to organizations to help them receive their needs globally. According to Marquardt Berger (2003), Trade, Travel, Technology and Television atomic number 18 the four major(ip) developments that have resulted in Globalization. The four Ts of global development are the outcome of humane brain and its creative innovations.These advancements have further encouraged and made possible continuous exchange of ideas, entropy and knowledge between human resources by breaking the barriers of outstrip. Moving ahead, Bratton Gold (2007) state that Globalization is a global pr ocess of political convergence, social economies and national sentiments, in which space, time and administration are not given much importance. The paragraph below will now highlight the three different dioramas on global strategy. The maiden reckon states that the global strategy is one of the particular and specific forms of Multinational Enterprise (MNE) Strategy. Further, it highlights the fact that Globalization considers all the countries of the world alike (Levitt, 1983). The Second view considers global strategy as International Strategic heed (Bruton et al., 2004) which is no doubt wider concept than global strategy mentioned in the first view.Lastly, the third view describes global strategy in even broader term The strategy of the firms that exist all over the globe and this can be concluded as the firms theory of how to become a successful competitor (Peng, 2006). Having discussed the various forms of global strategies which are adopted by firms today, this essay no w moves ahead to analyse the theory and practice of regional strategy concept of Globalization in particular as a response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino (2008). It aims to justify that in todays era very few global firms exists and secondly that sufficient amount of international business literature and theory is required to draw reflection on regional vs global MNEs (Multinational Enterprises) strategy.The Regional Strategy TheoriesAccording to Rugman and Verbeke (2007), recent literature on globalization suggests that a firm is categorised as global if maximum 50% of its rack up sales are in its mob base territory (EU) and minimum 20% of sales in each of the NAFTA zone and Asia. He adds to it by bringing to surface the outcome of survey based upon this theory that indicated only nine global firms in Fortune Global 500 and also the orientation of numerous firms towards the home-region. In response to the above mechanism for classifying the firm as global, Osegowitsch and Sammart ino (OS) (2008) have provided three basic criteria and comments that can be helpful in future classification of firms according to their geographic sales dispersion. Firstly, OS suggest that it is not appropriate to classify statistical information straightaway.It should be realised that since this is a growing area of research, usage of any(prenominal) kind of classification tool is open to criticisms as it is not simply the categorization of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) following particular regional strategy theories. As an example, OS focus on building and having strong position in the region by illustrating that if the EU, NAFTA region and Asia represents 90% of the total world sales output, an absolute division would require all the three regional threesomes to have 30% sales each and not 33.3% in order to encourage the strategy of lower sceptres. In other words, a firm can be defined as global if it has at least 20% of the total sales in the 2 host-triad regions and w ithout any kind of imposition on the maximum sales doorway in the home territory (Rugman and Verbeke, 2007). Additionally, it should also be noted that it is not at all relevant to categorize a firm as having strong position in the market if its thres insure is lower than 20% of the total sales.OS even conducted a simulation using sceptre value as 10% of the net sales in order to identify a string position in the host region as it would result to USD $1 billion even for the smallest of the Fortune Global 500 firms. But unfortunately, it didnt present a strong position and can by no means be considered as an essence for strategical decision devising in the worlds largest organizations. OS clearly argues that using various thresholds is helpful in assessing the sensitivity of firms positions in the classification governing body tho the primary(prenominal) function should always be to provide an assessment of the Future Global 500 and to easily track firms whose thresholds are c ontinuously changing from one category of threshold to another. A clear example of this is Nokia which encountered a 4% decline in sales in the year 2002.However, this change in sales pattern reflected a short term failure in inter-regional growth but OS criticizes that it cannot be simply neglected. Movement of Nokia from a global organization in 2001 towards a home based firm in 2001 was a remarkable concern. In one line, it can be verbalize that having threshold below 20% simply leads to generation of more bi-regional firms and which cant be regarded as actually global organizations. Moving ahead, the second regional strategy criterion which OS highlights is that the sales variations are highly industry specific. According to OS, industry plays a significant role and all future researched should aim at exploring the regional vs global strategies at the industry specific levels and try to establish the difference. It is truism that a majority of firms are not properly internati onalized and their sizes varies across regions but then its some of the worlds biggest MNEs that have constantly been regarded as capable of compensating for the weaknesses of the other sectors in different regions of the world.The main point to be considered is that our analysis are independent of differential size of numerous industries that exist across the region, as MNEs are able to establish regional markets and to further develop lean markets. Lastly, in third comment it is argued that it would be irrelevant to prefer regional strategy over global strategy. Regional strategies come into existence when it becomes very toilsome or impossible to adopt conventional global strategies efficiently, or when they fail to function, keeping in mind that global strategies cannot be evaluated in isolation. Further, it can be said that heterogeneous geographic space beyond the home country border is essential for most of the companies now if not all of them.Moving ahead, this section of the essay will now make an attempt to tackle the criticism formed by OS concerning the contribution of regional strategy to the international business theory. According to (Rugman and Verbeke, 2007), the regional strategy is structured around three simple but fundamental empirical observations which demand international business theory to be extended and enhanced. First of all, only a small number of MNEs have a balanced geographical sales distribution pattern across the global market, although it counts towards the risk diversification at the downstream end of the value chain. OS illustrate that a balanced and structured distribution of sales geographically would guide towards enhanced global acceptance by the customers of the companys products and services. With only the exception of resource-based industries, the triad comprising the EU, NAFTA region and Asia demonstrates a first cut though not certainly a fixed one mechanism to identify the extent to which an MNEs net sales are distributed worldwide.Further, this triad has gained so much importance as it is the home of worlds most large MNEs as well as the locus for a number of outstanding innovations in most industrial sectors. The triad also demonstrates the world demand pattern for most knowledge intensive services and goods. But its unfortunate to mention that only a small number of MNEs in the Fortune Global 500 are capable of performing equally well in each of the three regions of the triad. It is a lot observed that a strong position in the home-triad region is not supported with an equally strong position in two the other two remaining triad environments. Classification tools are now irrelevant as among the firms with international operations only a small pctage are truly global i.e. may be even less than 5% (Ghemawat and Ghadar, 2006).They further add to it and state that different firms rule in different parts of the world. Second wing of the regional strategy focuses on the fact that several MNEs have regional features in the organizational structure such as geographic divisions and having private divisions for different regions is supported mainly by the concept of regional heterogeneity demanding idiosyncratic management. In this case, the intra-regional institutional and economic distance is not just smaller but also very different from that of the interregional. It has been observed that for most MNEs, managing operations and work brass in EU is very different from functioning system of the NAFTA region or as compared with the work cultural of Asian environment. These differences may further be enhanced if the work unit is further subdivided into smaller units. Fratiannin (2006) states that these differences in work system signal the importance of regional level in the business strategy and structure of MNEs.Today, almost all big firms such as Toyota, General Electric (GE) have embedded regional elements in their business and operational strategies and these comp anies are often wrongly referred to as global organizations not just because of lack of balanced geographic distribution but also because of their world wide global operations and manufacturing (Ghemawat, 2005). Thirdly, it should be noted that more than fifty percent of the geographic area in terms of sales is normally the main source of the firms cash flows and the centre point of most of the firms both tangible and intangible assets. In the coming years, the concept of having more than 50% sales in the home territory would not be significant enough in EU and North America specifically but it would gain momentum in Asian region as intra-regional distance is minimizing and thereby set by a reduction of investment barriers and trade. Competition among industries would be more prevalent at the regional level instead of the national level.OC highlight that trouble should now be laid on the development of classification tool that will help bundle the home country sales with the sales in the remainder of the home territory rather than paying attention separately to the sales in the home region and remaining of the home region especially for MNEs based in Asia and EU. Moving ahead, the above discussed observations and theories clearly demonstrate the need for an extended international business theory. These observations are independent of specific categorization approaches to bank bill specific home-region vs. rest-of-the-world market position of MNEs. A trend has always been seen that all the MNEs are much stronger in their home regions as compared to that in other triad regions. These top MNE firms have formulated their organizational structures around the regional component and a varying market position in each region raises call for a regional approach rather than a global strategy approach.The paragraph below now will bring to surface the three main components for the extension on mainstream international business theory (Rugman and Verbeke, 2007). Firstly, it is noticed that impact of country border does not provide strong basis for distinguishing between non- localisation trap (or internationally deployable/exploitable) and location bound. In todays period of excess regionalization, it is very easy for some companies to exploit and deploy their strengths throughout the home country border. Further, proxies for internationally transferable FSAs such as firms level predictors of internationalization like firms level of RD do not hold much importance in explaining intra-regional expansion occurring in home region, given the distance gap between the home country and rest of the home region is very less. As a result of well-functioning trans-European transport and logistics meshs enabling fast response and just in time strategies covering the whole continent, the significance of geographic distance has decreased in EU. The EU integration process itself has let to decrease in Institutional distance.Further, Economic distance has lost i ts relevance because of umpteen reasons such as development of new services and products at par with European level, possibility of cross border shopping made possible by web based searches, continuous attempts made by many companies to gain scale and scope efficiencies at the European level and lastly, increase importance of EU as a geographic space to ascertain companys conduct, structure and importance. Finally, decreased significance of conventional measures of cultural distance mainly in the business to business area as it is easy to get labour in Europe, considerable increase in use of English as the glossa franca inside the region. On sharp contrast between past and present position of conventional location bound FSAs it can be clearly stated that antecedently they allowed firm expansion only up to country borders but now it can be easily upgraded, and made deployable and exploitable even beyond the home country borders and also in other home region countries.Secondly, the re is a need to reconsider the fact that non-location-bound FSAs like expert knowledge or tag can be easily exploited and deployed nationwide. Today also it is necessary to complement existing FSA bundles with an additional FSA bundle in high distance environments which implies distance still plays an important role. According to Ghemawat (2005), there are several ways to differentiate between low and high distance environments, one major distinction being that between home regions and host regions in a triad context. Moreover, it is clear that extension and scope of mainstream international theory is free from any scholars disagreeing with the concept of the triad region as the best proxy to discriminate between low-distance environments (in this case the home-triad region) and high-distance environment (in this case the two host-triad regions). High distance implies to making more substantial investments in order to complement its present FSA bundles, also enabling maximum and p rofitable exploitation in the host region environment.Here, the ostensible trade off becomes obvious further the efforts to expand the high-distance environment may not be proved to be as successful and profitable as the expansion of low distance environment, even if it is suggested by macro-level parameters which measure the attractiveness of the high-distance environment that they have strong location advantages. As stated by Nachum and Wymbs (2007) in regard to global cities that FSAs and location advantages are dependent on each other. High distance bundles also has many risk factors along with it like melding the extant FSA bundles with newly developed or accessed resources in the high distance environment may lead to burdened with several operational problems, decreased or scotch sales, as exemplified by the retreat of some of the worlds largest MNEs from high-distance contexts, for example, Wal-Marts exit from Germany and Korea. .Thirdly, the theoretical difference between the two FSAs namely location bound and non-location bound FSAs assume conventionally easy developments and profitable exploitation of FSAs (like brand names or technological knowledge of proprietary) across borders. Moreover, it is very essential to adapt the brief contents of these two concepts to the authenticity of regionalization. More particularly, the factors that determine the extent of FSAs are, its distance accompanied by its geographic, institutional, economic and cultural components.The level at which a FSA should be called location-bound vs non-location bound is estimated by decay in value across a space. On the basis of terms like region bound record of FSAs and the liability of inter regional foreignness it has been highlighted that for international business other geographic borders hold more importance than conventional country borders in our previous study. After studying the concepts and theories of regional strategy, we now try to establish the extent to which Procter Gamble could be categorized as a global firm in terms of its business and operational strategies.The Case of Procter GambleProcter Gamble Co. One of the worlds leading consumer goods manufacturer such as Tide, Pantene, Ariel etc was established in 1837 from an original cadmium and soap company. The firm now operates in 180 nations with more than 138,000 employees. According to Lafley, A. G., Chairman of the Board and chief Executive Officer, PG, the firm has over 171 years of taradiddle and has always been driven by creativity and innovation. Additionally, improved sales and long term success have always been the strategic goals of this corporation. And it understands the fact that these goals can be attained by constantly appreciating changing consumers needs, innovation, branding and market needs.Depending entirely on skunk work such as acquisitions, internal RD and discriminating innovations has proved to be inefficient and insufficient for attaining the business t arget of $4 billion business in a time period of one year. It can be clearly seen that invent- it-ourselves theoretical account along with global research facilities and recruiting and holding of the best talent nationwide attained success till the year 2000 but nowadays satisfying high levels of top line growth has become a big challenge for an organization The approach through which the radical strategy of open innovation helped an organization attain its business mission and goal can be typified in the following lines. To face the challenge, PG adopted a brand new technique of innovation Develop and Connect model in the year 2000 which lays great importance on searching good and new ideas and information outside and bringing them in, in order to give internal capabilities a boost and make most out of them.With the perspective of manufacturing improved and relatively cheaper products fleet the business strategy involved in this model was to leverage assets of people, products an d property available externally and applying it to their respective RD labs, purchasing, market capabilities and production. The foremost work of this strategy is to bring in top ten preferences and needs of the consumer. Moreover, it is very essential that the customers are fully satisfied by the products manufactured and which will finally result in increased sales and profit. Moving ahead, alike products or related technologies which already exist in the market and occupy good position are recognized. Lastly, analysing the influence of technological acquisition of one area over the other areas.Networking is the backbone of this approach. Along with having business collaborations with open networking companies such as InnoCentive and Ninesigma, the PG group has long chain of suppliers and technological entrepreneurs worldwide. They play a crucial role by finding solutions to PG internal problems in the outside world. Thus, by constructing such type of infrastructure PG has been a ble to abbreviate its investment in engineering along with achieving stable top line growth and required sustainability. According to Huston and Sakkab (2000), by shifting to Connect and Develop model there has been a remarkable increment in our RD production by 60% and the progress rate of innovation has undoubtedly doubled. The Procter Gamble figures out how an organization can maximize its profitability levels by switching to new and innovativeThe Procter Gamble examples mirrors the way how switching to new and innovative approaches of using information and technology can help maximise profit margins. It is one of the organisations which has developed enabling infrastructure fabricated around innovation with a huge worldwide network combining human capital, ideas and technology.ConclusionThis essay has brought to surface a number of strategies which can help firms to establish strong positions globally like having a threshold of 20% etc. The main aim which was to justify that a firm cannot be simply categorized as global based upon statistical data has been justified. A number of measures have also been illustrated which can help differentiate the firms regional strategy from the global strategy.ReferencesBlyton, P., Lucio, M., McGurk, J. and Turnbull, P. (2001) Globalization and trade union strategy industrial restructuring and human resource management in the international civil aviation industry, International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp. 445-463. Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (2007) Human Resource Management Theory and Practice (4th edn), New York Palgrave Macmillan. Bruton, G., Lohrke, F. and Lu, J. W. (2004) The evolving definition of what comprises international strategic management, Journal of International Management, Vol. 10, pp. 413-429. Fratianni, M. (Ed.) (2006) Regional economic integration, Research in Global Strategic Management, Vol. 12, Oxford Elsevier. Ghemawat, P. (2005) Regional strategies for globalleadership, Harvard Busine ss Review, Vol. 83, No. 12, pp.98-108. Levitt, T. (1983) The globalization of markets, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 61, pp. 92-102. Marquardt, M. and Berger, N. (2003) The Future Globalization and New Roles for HRD, Advances in Developing Human Resources, pp. 283-295. Nachum, L. and Wymbs, C. (2007) The location and performance of foreign affiliates in global cities. In A. M. Rugman (Ed.), Regional aspects of multinationality and performance, Research in Global Strategic Management, Vol. 13, pp. 221-257, Oxford Elsevier. Osegowitsch, T and Sammartino, A. (2008) Reassessing (home-regionalisation), Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 39, No. 2. Peng, M. W. (2006) Global Strategy, Cincinnati South-Western Thomson. Rugman, A. M. and Verbeke, A. (2007) The theory and practice of regional strategy A response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino, Kelly School of Business, Vol. 2, pp. 1-7.

Virtual Reality in Todays Society

practical(prenominal) Reality in Todays Societyvirtual(prenominal) universe is a information processing system-generated simulation of the real worldly impact. This simulation is not static, instead it responds to the exploiters input, whether vocal or tactile, in real cartridge holder. In order to achieve this interactivity, the estimator must constantly monitor the users movements or verbal commands and react instantaneously in order to change the synthetic world experienced by the user and in response to him or her. 1 By making use of all of a humans sensory experience in this way, practical(prenominal) honesty takes the quality of interactivity achieved, say in a computer game, 1 stage further. Users of realistic creation freighter see and move objects, they can also touch and feel them. 2 This essay explores the growth of realistic(prenominal) realities and the many uses of virtual(prenominal) reality in society forthwith, as well as considering its ethical imp lications.Burdea, and Coiffet comment that the history of virtual reality dates grit more than forty years. The Sensorama Simulator virtual reality video arcade game was invented by Martin Heilig in 1962. This game had the capability to simulate a motorcycle driving through a city, using 3-D effects, seat vibrations, appropriate smells, sounds and wind effects using fans. 3 Head-mounted displays were introduced in 1966 by Ivan Sutherland, but were heavy and uncomfortable. In 1985, Michael McGreevey of NASA authentic a cheaper and lighter version of the helmet, fitted with mini display screens and sensors to track movement. The sensory glove had been designed in the early 1980s, but it was in 1986 that Jaron Lanier designed a new glove to fit in with the helmet to create a full virtual reality. 4 Advancements continued to be made in graphics and then in 1993 virtual reality became the theme for a major conference of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in Seattle, making it clear that virtual reality had entered the main menstruation scientific community. 5Since the end of the 1980s, new interfaces communicate three-dimensional images using the head-mounted display (HMD), using video cameras to track the image of the user in a virtual world where he can manipulate objects. More recently there has been a development called CAVE (Cave Automatic virtual(prenominal) Environment), where the user is enclosed in a six sided environment surrounded by projection screens which they view wearing light stereoglasses, giving the impression of 3-D. 6 The suggestive impression is one of one of immersing oneself in the image infinite, moving and interacting there in real time, and intervening creatively. 7 However, Burdea and Coiffet point out that with the swift improvements in technology, virtual reality today is done mostly without head-mounted displays, by using large projection screens or desk top PCs, and sensing gloves are now regularly re placed with joysticks. 8The world of computer games has become a major area of importance for virtual reality, where the sense of assiduity is important for gaming excitement. This creation of interactive virtual worlds has used grand, brush cinematic sequences and other techniques used in traditional cinema, such as the expressive use of camera angles and depth of field, and dramatic lighting of 3-D computer generated sets to create mood and atmosphere. 9 Actors could be used, superimposed over 3-D spikeletgrounds, or as the games became more advanced, synthetic characters were created moving in real time. 10 This bureau that the quadriceps femoris in which the characters move can now change over time, rendering the same space different when visited at a later time during the game. These changes enabled computer designers to integrate the player more deeply into the gaming world cinematically and to create a sense of visual reality.The immersion experienced when playing a comp uter game is made a much more total and intense experience when the player becomes a part of the game, that is, physically enters a virtual world. Virtual reality provides the subject with the illusion of being present in a delusive world. 11 This virtual world, unlike the purely visual engagement of a computer game, allows for bodily engagement with the synthetic world. Virtual reality also allows the user to change elements of this simulated world it gives an added mental picture of control. Virtual reality allows flock to experience elements of life without any physical commitments, assertable dangers or general inconveniences of a real experience.Lev Manovich comments that virtual worlds are sometimes put forward as the logical successors of cinema, that they are the key cultural form of the twenty-first ascorbic acid just as cinema was the key cultural form of the twentieth century. 12 Indeed, Grau and Custance compare virtual reality with film, saying virtual reality now makes it possible to represent space as dependent on the direction of the perceivers gaze the viewpoint is no longer static or dynamically linear, as in the film, but theoretically includes an infinite number of possible perspectives. 13Technically, virtual reality utilises the same framing as a cinema rectangular frame. This kind of frame only allows a partial view of a wider space. The virtual camera, as with a cinema screen, moves around in relation to the viewer in order to reveal different parts of the shot. 14 This framing thingumabob is vital to the virtual reality world in that it gives a small shot of a larger world, thereby providing a wholly subjective and wholly private viewing experience.While Manovich looks to cinema as a basis for virtual technology, Grau and Custance look to art. They argue that the idea of virtual reality rests firmly on historical art traditions, which belong to a discontinuous movement of seeking illusionary image spaces. 15 Taking into account the lack of technology further back in history, Grau and Custance believe that the idea stretches back at least as far as classical antiquity and is alive again today in the immersive visualization strategies of virtual reality art. 16 Indeed, for Grau and Custance, this basic idea of unwraping these immersive spaces of illusion is threaded through the history of art.Grau and Custance also point out the lack of native involvement with the world through the technological illusion of power and control. They say, ironically that the adherents of virtual reality have often reiterated their claim that immersion in virtual reality intensifies their relationship with nature. 17 Indeed, an experience so totally reliant on technology and devoid of anything innate can bring about this feeling of connection to nature due to its resemblance of the real world.Manovich too comments on the illusive quality of any natural involvement or control. He says that the user is only altering things th at are already inside the computer, the data and memory of the virtual world. 18 The realm of virtual reality is driven by the desire to find a perfect recreation of the real world, a perfect illusion. The ideal interface seems to be one in which the interface or computer itself is only invisible, it seeks to block out the very means of creation of the virtual world, making the existence of the user in the virtual world seem totally natural. 19The experience means that the user is totally isolated from the actual world whilst at the same time given this feeling of total natural immersion in a new world as well as a sense of omnipotence. The user in effect becomes a kind of pretended character that they have themselves created, doing whatever they like, whenever they like, always with a sense of immortality. There are ethical problems relating to the capability decrease in real physical interaction and normal human relationships as people may potentially come to prefer their virt ual world to their real life. Indeed, in virtual reality, the physical world no longer exists at all, as all real action takes place in virtual space. 20 There is another ethical concern, that of the possibility of children accessing inapplicable experiences in a virtual world, as censorship would be difficult. This is similar to the problem of violence and adult themes in films and on the internet being accessible to children today. Virtual reality is an area of even greater concern, however, as children will have the opportunity to take part in the action themselves. Another concern is that criminals could practice their crimes in a virtual world before acting in reality.There are many positive uses for virtual reality today in areas such as medicine, education, entertainment and psychology. For example, virtual reality can provide flight and driving simulation, operation simulation, it can help with architectural design or treatment of phobias. These things can be practised rea listically without the fear of anything going wrong with flying training, driving experience or surgery. Virtual reality can also potentially be used in medicine to evaluate a patient and diagnose problems as well as mayhap aid in operations. Disabled people have the opportunity to join in activities not usually available to them. An architect can use the method to plan out a building before starting work constructing it using virtual reality avoids the need to build several different prototypes. psyche afraid of spiders can meet one in a virtual world under careful programming to reduce sensitivity over a period of time, indeed, any phobia could be treated using this kind of virtual reality exposure therapy. The field of education is a huge potential area of use for virtual reality it can even be used to practice sport.There is another important use for virtual reality that is not related to entertainment or education. Telepresence is an ever-increasing part of the digital and vi rtual world. Telepresence combines three kinds of technology robotics, telecommunications and virtual reality. With telepresence, the user of a virtual environment, for example, can deputise in the environment via telecommunication and a away robot and, in the opposite direction, to receive sensory feedback, a sensory experience of a remote event . 21Manovich calls telepresence a much more radical technology than virtual reality, or computer simulations in general. 22 Indeed, Manovich explains that with virtual reality, the user controls a simulated world, that is, the computer data. In contrast, telepresence allows the subject to control not just the simulation but reality itself because it allows the user to manipulate remotely physical reality in real time through its image, 23 that is, the users action affect what happens right then in separate place, useful for tasks such as, Manovich suggests, repairing a space station 24 the technique can also be used successfully in battle to direct missiles. 25So, virtual reality operates on devil very opposing grounds. On the one hand it allows great freedom for the user, as he feels he can move anywhere through space with the camera, but at the same time, virtual reality totally confines the body in its simulated world. Manovich recognises that the physical world is subordinated in this way as he says virtual reality renders physical space totally disregarded, 26 However, with telepresence, the physical world is very much regarded. Indeed, Mark Hansen thinks Manovichs comment on the lack of physicality overlooks the experience of space in the potential of virtual reality, even if the body is actually confined. 27 Hansen uses the example of telepresence to explain how simulation and space can coincide to be effective. Indeed, with telepresence, the physical actions, although limited in the space where the user resides, do have an effect at another location. In this way space has been found and used, if not in the same location as the user, their movements have still had a physical effect somewhere else. 28It seems that virtual reality has many uses in society today, from entertainment to medicine from psychology to architecture. Telepresence is now a powerful and extremely useful part of the virtual and digital world. With the continuing advancement of technology and the many great uses virtual reality can surely have in society, it is important to bear in mind the negative consequences if virtual reality techniques are not closely monitored, especially as they become more widely available. The ethical implications of a society plugged always into their private, virtual worlds would not be a positive development for human relationships children also need to be protected from an environment where anything and everything can appear real and personal to the user. However, as long as we are aware of the potential negative implications, the development of advanced virtual reality has great poten tial benefits for society.Sources UsedBurdea, G. C. and Coiffet, P. (2003). Virtual Reality Technology. Chichester Wiley-IEEEGrau, O. and Custance, G. (2004). Virtual Art From Illusion to Immersion. Cambridge MIT PressHansen, M. B. N. (2004). New Philosophy for New Media A New Philosophy for a New Media. Cambridge MIT PressHeim, M. (1994). The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality. Oxford Oxford University PressManovich, L. (2002). The Language of New Media. Cambridge MIT PressSherman, W. R. and Craig, A. B. (2003). Understanding Virtual Reality Interface, Application, and Design. San Francisco Morgan Kaufmannhttp//library.thinkquest.org/26890/virtualrealityt.htmFootnotes1 Burdea, G. C. and Coiffet, P. (2003). Virtual Reality Technology. Chichester Wiley-IEEE, p. 22 ib. p. 33 ibid.4 http//library.thinkquest.org/26890/virtualrealityt.htm5 Burdea and Coiffet, op. cit. p. 86 Grau, O. and Custance, G. (2004). Virtual Art From Illusion to Immersion. Cambridge MIT Press, p. 187 ibid. p. 38 Burd ea and Coiffet, op. cit. p. 19 Manovich, L. (2002). The Language of New Media. Cambridge MIT Press, p. 8310 ibid.11 ibid. p. 16612 Manovich, op. cit. p. 8213 Grau and Custance, op. cit. p. 1614 Manovich, op. cit. p. 8115 Grau and Custance, op. cit. p. 33916 ibid.17 ibid. p. 20118 Manovich op. cit. p. 16619 ibid. p. 17820 ibid. p. 11421 Grau and Custance, op. cit. p. 278-27922 Manovich, op. cit. p. 16623 ibid.24 ibid. p. 16725 ibid.26 Manovich, op. cit. p. 11427 Hansen, M. B. N. (2004). New Philosophy for New Media A New Philosophy for a New Media. Cambridge MIT Press, p. 4028 ibid.

Nurse patient relationship and first case of death

Nurse uncomplaining human family blood and firstborn base case of demiseIntroductionThe purpose of this examine is to discuss, analyse and reflect upon an cunning event which took address when caring for a persevering in practice. The source has elect to discuss the diagnosis, disquiet and destruction of an 82 year old gentleman, named jam Green (hereafter referred to as pack). The author go out discuss the halt-patient role relationship undergo with James, and how his remnant affected the source. Due to and to ensure confidentiality, the chosen patients name has been edited, which follows the guidelines of the Department of wellness Code of Practice on Confidentiality (2003), NMC Code of Conduct Confidentiality (2008) and the Use of Patient In linguistic ruleation (DH 2006).The essay will begin with a discussion on materialisation including definitions, its purpose, and the advantages and disadvantages of demonstration in c ar for and education. The essa y will then describe the smashing cargon event of his diagnosis and death and reflect upon this. The essay will be structured using Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988) to enable the generator to consciously analyse what happened and why.In certain atomic number 18as of this essay, it will be enchant to write in the first person, when describing the fortuity and discussing the surveys and tinctureings experience at the prison term (Webb 1992). It is not usually academically appropriate to use the first person, up to now, in reflective essays, personal thoughts and emotions are required in some areas and therefore Webb postulated that it was certainly more than appropriate to refer to oneself as I in those sections. From the section subtitled Evaluation, the writer will revert back to writing in the third person, as this is considered more academically appropriate for analysis and evaluation.Reflection was appropriately described by Boud (2001) as turning experience into submi ting however, it has been considered an important tool in learning and development for many a(prenominal) years. Reflection was first put down in 1933, by the philosopher, John Dewey, in his studies on psychology and the way one conjectures and learns. Dewey thought of reflection as a form of problem solving, by relating ones experiences to earlier similar ones to explore any commonalities. An other(a)(a) concept of reflection is that it enables the go down on to solve problems or learn from actions through thinking consciously some an activeness which would then enable one to learn from any task undertaken. This was argued by Mantzoukas and Jasper (2004) in their studies on reflection and ward activity. However, in nursing, one of the or so significant studies on reflection was carried out by Donald Schn (1983 1987) in his works on The Reflective Practitioner. Much of the nursing literature regarding and surrounding reflection refers to Schn, which indicates that his work i s widely accepted in nursing and nursing education. It is also from Schn that the term reflective practice was born. Schn hash outd that reflection, is a form of story telling, that leads the nurse into considering particular actions and dilate of an activity one would normally or abnormally carry out. This in turn allows the nurse to solve details of their actions and learn exactly what in fact they had carried out.In nursing, reflection is used as an aid in recognition and development of knowledge and skills of chronic and acute illness, accidents and the care and treatment of a patient. Reflection pastime an experience in practice allows a nurse to revisit, explore and learn from an incident and gives an luck to impact the incident to supposition. According to Maggs and Biley (2000) there are advantages to learning and evaluating practice through reflection. By allowing one to challenge opinions and theories in relation to an incident and relating these back to practice, th e nurse can kick the bucket time discovering what happened and why. Reflection can be used to evaluate any clinical incident, positive or negative to attempt to bankrupt understand and contemplate the events which pull in taken part, and the behaviour, emotions and actions of not solitary(prenominal) the nurse, notwithstanding the patient and others involve at that time Reflection allows time for one to think deeply close a situation and increase knowledge surrounding that situation (Hannigan 2001). These advantages were mirrored by Gu facultyson and Fagerberg (2004).Reflection in nursing is guided by various modellings of reflection, such as Gibbs good example of Reflection (1988), Johns model (1994), Kolbs Learning Cycle (1984) and Atkins and Murphys model of reflection (1994). This essay will focus upon and use Gibbs Model as the structure for reflecting upon the acute care event witnessed in practice. Gibbs model is considered a useful framework by students for structu ring reflection as it is clearly degage into smaller sections titled, verbal description, thoughts and feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion, and an action plan, in the style of an ongoing cycle of learning and reflecting. Gibbs unlike most other models of reflection encourages the learner to think through emotions and feelings experienced (Jones and Alinier 2006). However, Rolfe et al (2001), and Jones and Alinier (2006) argued that the six sections in the cycle were unspecific and too general and that it assumes that all learners have the very(prenominal) needs. Despite this, for the purpose of this essay, Gibbs model is considered the most appropriate.It would wait from the literature read, that there are many more advantages than disadvantages, for the use of reflection in nursing and nurse education. However a strong example which was comprise when searching for disadvantages was that some writers believe that not all those using reflection would feel comfortable writin g openly and honestly about a situation, if they thought someone were to read it. This whitethorn be due to a lack of trust or a fear of humiliation or simply organism unable to or not wanting to revisit uncomfortable situations or memories (Boud 2001 Tate and Sills 2004). Sumner (2010) discussed success in reflection in terms of moral maturity and assemble that nurses with little experience, as easily as younger nurses, fail to have the experience and maturity to allow them to be comfortable and successful in reflection. Also, Dewey (1933) wrote that reflection save begins when an individual identifies a problem or a need to learn from an activity. If an individual is not to think of a problem or activity then reflection may not take place.The structure of Gibbs reflective cycle will begin here with the first section of the cycle, detailing what happened in the Acute Care Event. For the purpose of structuring this essay, each section will be subtitled in accordance with the head ings used in Gibbs Cycle.DescriptionAs discussed in the introduction, the writer will here describe the illness and death of a patient being cared for in practice. The acute care event which will be focussed on is his diagnosis and death and the emotions matte by the writer following the dismissal of this patient.James had presented in AE after a fall at al-Qaida and apart from a previous medical history of a myocardial infarction in 2007 and tachycardia, James was in good health. This was his first fall, however he had trouble recalling if he had tripped, or alternatively collapsed. Following his fall, it was reported he was having mobility problems and was notably short of breath and therefore he was admitted onto the ward, originally for overnight observation.He was being cared for on the ward with regular observations, medication and was prescribed 2litres of oxygen through a nasal cannula for his shortness of breath and lower oxygen colour (SpO2). He was scoring 0 on most o ccasions on his Early Warning Score (Morgan et al 1997), which indicated that he was quite well other than his noted shortness of breath. Within 4 twenty-four hourss of being admitted to the ward however, James health had not improved and rather, had begun to deteriorate and he was being monitored regularly. He complained of pain in his lower abdomen and advised he had been suffering from constipation intermittently for several weeks. He was prescribed senna to relieve this, however his symptoms persisted. James was then sent by the medical team for an abdominal CT and X-ray, which diagnosed colorectal cancer, with large malignancies in both his colon and rectum, and metastatic cancer of the liver. Consultants lamentably diagnosed this as terminal as all 8 segments of the liver were cancerous and the disease was too severe for him to benefit from active treatment and so they recommended he be managed conservatively, ensuring he was comfortable and pain exempt. The decision was ma de by the medical faculty following discussion with James that resuscitation would not take place in the event of an arrest as doctors decided this would allow James a dignified and peaceful death, given his diagnosis and illness. This is the decision made in most cases with terminal illness or with the very elderly (Jevon 1999). Despite this, rung predicted he would be discharged as he was still well and self-caring.Over the 2 weeks after his diagnosis, James weight decreased and his BMI dropped from19 to 16. His appetite lessened, and he became debile and unable to walk around the ward. On the fourteenth day following his diagnosis, James passed away around 7pm. I was caring for a patient at the bed next to him, when his family discovered he had passed away, and informed me. I closed the curtains around his bed and then reported his death to the nursing staff and my mentor, leaving James family to spend time with him and grieve. James was pain free at the time of his death and appeared settled and comfortable in the short time before his death that evening.Thoughts and FeelingsThis was my first experience of death, and James and I, along with other staff, had developed a strong Nurse-Patient relationship and rapport. He was a well liked patient on the ward and his diagnosis and death were sudden and comparatively unexpected. The nursing staff allowed me to sit away from the ward as I was noticeably distressed, upset and unable to disguise my emotions. The break enabled me to compose myself away from the ward, James and his family and reflect upon what I had just experienced. I entangle extremely sad that James had died and also felt up as though I was unaware of how to sleep together or react having never seen a dead body and not experiencing death before. I found it grueling not to cry, knowing that some may find it inappropriate notwithstanding informed the nursing staff of the fact that this was the first experience of death in an acute setting an d that I felt inexperienced in how to deal with the emotions I was experiencing.Over the course of the evening, when speaking to my colleagues, his family, and when at home after my shift, I experienced phases of sadness, powerlessness as a student nurse and guilt. I felt it was appropriate to discuss my experience with my family in order to share my feelings and receive comfort and aid from others. Some writers argue that the feeling of guilt and powerlessness is because many feel that somehow they should have done more to prevent the death occurring, despite death in many cases being unavoidable (Kirchhoff et al 2002). Dakin (2003) discussed that the emotions felt by the nurse are more for the impact the loss has on the family, and will begin when observing the emotions of the family.Gerow et al (2010) argue that the way a nurse copes during and after a first death, and whether they are supported by colleagues during this time, will affect their behaviour and emotions in upcomin g deaths. I feel I was well supported by my mentor at the time, in that she allowed me to take some time to compose myself after his death, and gave me the opportunity to decide whether or not I carried out last offices.My personal thoughts are that at the time of the incident, I was experiencing a similar grief to that of the loss of a loved one or friend, as James and I had developed a strong nurse-patient relationship and he was an extremely habitual patient with all the nursing staff during his time on the ward, although he was always aware of maestro boundaries. I feel that in reflection of this event, I was not prepared for experiencing my first death and was unaware of how to cope during the incident and therefore perhaps, I was fearful and displayed too a lot emotion.Kbler-Ross (1969, 1973), discussed grief as a five exemplify model, containing denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. When canvass the emotions felt during this time, it is quite possible tha t the feelings only cover the depression and acceptance horizontal surface of this five stage model. Her system of grief was originally designed to incorporate the feelings of terminally ill patients into an understandable and recognisable model or cycle, however, the theory also includes a broader theory that those involved in a dying persons care may experience comparable stages of adjustment. Some have argued that this theory is not relevant to many patient or others experiences surrounding death or illness and that since the publication of her book, there has been no further research or evidence to support the five stage model (Bonanno 2001).Lange et al (2009), compared nurses attitudes and emotions when dealing with death regularly, to various attitude scales, such as TheFrommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying (FATCOD) Scale (1991), in which it gives a range of likely thoughts and feelings a nurse may encounter and asks the nurse to compare their feelings to these suggest ions and gives a total score. Their findings showed that the more experience a nurse had with death and care of the dying, the more positive their feelings and emotions were, and those with little or less experience, showed more negative emotions, such as fear. The study also showed that those with less experience would benefit from education and motion-picture show to ensure they cope hard-hittingly with end-of-life care and death, which mirrors other literature on nurses emotions and move (Lange et al 2009 Hegedus et al 2008 Dunn et al 2005).The writer has read articles on the emotions experienced by students when coping with difficult situations and death which has allowed me to compare the way I felt, to the way other nurses feel in similar situations and literature has confirmed that the emotions felt by myself at the time of the incident are in fact quite common among nurses and in particular nurses with less experience in coping with death (Redinbaugh et al 2003 Lange et a l 2009 Dakin 2003).EvaluationPrior to and after James death, following his diagnosis of terminal colorectal cancer, he was well supported by all health professionals involved in his care. He was notably low in mood and quite tearful at times in the 2 weeks before his death. He spoke at length about his feelings and asked a number of questions about his condition and about death. He would often inform the nursing staff of his gratefulness and ability to open up to them about his illness and discuss the shock he was suffering following his diagnosis. He would often advise us that he felt a comfort from knowing someone was there to listen and talk to him. James care was well managed by staff, including the acute care incident of his death where dignity and respect remained a positive atom of his care as a whole.As previously authenticated, he was a popular patient on the ward and all health professionals enjoyed working with him. By deeming James popular, the writer has reflected upo n this, and on the nurses attitudes towards other patients on the ward and whether care given to less popular patients was the same. Stockwell (1972) discussed the care given from nursing staff and attitudes, to popular and unpopular patients. This study challenged the opinion that nurses treat all patients the same in a non-judgmental manner and the conclusions found that those patients deemed unpopular were in fact treated less well than those deemed more popular. Reflecting on James and the other patients, this conclusion is slightly true of some, not all, nursing staff on the ward, in that there were similar patients whom were deemed more difficult to care for, and they were often not given as much time or support from staff. This theory has been revisited a number of times with different studies and reviews, many of which reaching the same conclusions as Stockwell (English and Morse, 1988 Carveth 1995 Conway 2000).There are positive and negative elements to this, in that James was given excellent care and support during his time on the ward, and there is doubt whether the nursing and medical staff could have done more to reassure James or make him comfortable, however, it has made the writer realise that perhaps other patients were not cared for in the same way.At the time of the incident, immediately after being informed of James death the writer feels as though they coped well, giving the family time and privacy to be intimate to terms with his death, away from nursing staff and other patients. The writer was strong enough to not show any outward emotion at the time, and it was only when informing the other staff, that sadness and distress occurred. The writer feels the way they coped around his family was a positive experience, as they could see sadness from a nursing identify of view, but other emotions were appropriately fairly hidden until away from them. Some may argue that perhaps at the time there was too much emotion exposed overall, however, again, these emotions did not show in front of James family (Bolton 2000). However, one cannot say that a tear was not shed when speaking to them, but the writer believes this to be an appropriate way of empathising with the relatives of patients following the death of their loved one, and for that, the relatives are most grateful (Redinbaugh et al 2003).Dakin (2003), on a study of emotions of nursing students, found that most, if not all, have experienced a adept of loss and grief and have become mad at the loss of a patient at some check, but mainly in the earlier stages of training and on the first experience of death. Redinbaugh et al (2003) again, discussed the emotions of Doctors and in particular medical students, following the death of a patient. Their findings showed that the more time that is spent with a patient the more vulnerable the doctor is to feelings of loss when the patient dies. Although this paper refers to Medical staff and students, this is true for all he alth professionals, and can denote very strongly to nurses.As described above, the nursing staff allowed the writer to take some time away from the ward to stop crying and reflect upon what had and what was being experienced. One of the nursing staff came to discuss the writers feelings following his death and made sure the writer wasnt experiencing too much shock or distress. The support from nursing staff given during that time, was a very positive experience and extremely beneficial to learning. This was the writers first experience of Clinical Supervision, giving the writer time to discuss what had happened and the feelings being experienced (Cutliffe et al 2010). Clinical supervision was described by the NMC (1993) as professional support and learning which enables individual practitioners to develop knowledge and competence. This best describes the support the writer was given during this time and Bonanno et al (2001) argue that talking, rather than writing, about ones emotio ns following trauma or loss is highly beneficial to learning.AnalysisIn this section, the writer will discuss how James was cared for during his time on the ward, and select key themes from the incident which will enable the writer to discuss and analyse certain elements of the incident. The key themes which have been identified from the description and on reflection are the nurse-patient relationship, grief, and coping with the first experience of death.Prior to James death, following his diagnosis of terminal colorectal cancer, he was well supported by all Health professionals involved in his care. As previously documented, he was a popular patient on the ward and had a strong positive professional relationship with all staff involved in his care. The writer feels as though this was a positive element of James care and that effective communication took place between staff and patient in this instance. James appeared happy on the ward and would often praise nursing staff for their ability to talk to him and widen comfort in a distressing time.The nurse-patient relationship was described as a therapeutic relationship between a nurse and a leaf node built on a series of interactions and developing over time in Mosbys Medical Dictionary (2009), which the writer believes to be a positive description and true to that of the relationship with James. The nurse patient-relationship in this instance is a factor of this acute care event that the writer has chosen to reflect upon. The nurse-patient relationship was documented by Peplau (1952) in the Interpersonal Relationship Model, where Peplau wrote of this being an essential element of nursing to enhance a patients well-being. This was an essential part of James care and an element that he himself was grateful for during a difficult and emotional time.Pullen and Mathias (2010) wrote that the key to the patient feeling a sense of peace and well-being was based on effective communication and arrive ating a therapeut ic relationship. Nicholson et al (2010) also discussed effective communication and relationships as a positive promoter of dignity.Sumner (2010) wrote that effective nurse-patient relationships are only present when the nurse is competent, mature and experienced enough to manage themselves in the interaction. This could be seen as a disadvantage in nursing as a whole as many nurses are young and less socially mature or experienced. Also those fitting this category may believe this to be a false claim of younger nurses which the writer can also relate to. She also wrote that in caring as a nurse, there are two players involved, the patient and the nurse, who both have feelings and needs which need to be addressed in the interaction.With relation to the connection with dying patients, many nurses find it difficult to approach a patient and build a positive nurse-patient relationship due to fear, or the fear of losing that patient. This however can frustrate the nurse as they may feel a duty to connect with that person as well as comforting the patient when they are in distress or are frightened (Moore, 1997). Mok and Chiu (2004) found that the nurse-patient relationship in palliative care often developed into more of a friendship, as a nurse would spend more time with the families and much more time listening to the fears of patients and attending to their needs. The relationship being seen as a friendship was due to the depth of strong suit of the relationship. This is due to the patient discussing extremely personal and emotional aspects of their life which would not normally occur, however this is a one-sided intimacy (Spross 1996). This theory was true of the relationship the writer and other health professionals had with James. For this reason, it can be understood why nurses sometimes feel a great sense of loss after the death of a patient they have cared for, as a close relationship may have formed, particularly with long term patients.Another key point recovered from this reflection, is that of the sadness and grief experienced, following the death of this patient. As documented in the section subtitled feelings, the writer feels as though they experienced a sense of loss which can be related to grief which may be similar to that experienced following the death of a friend. This is due to the positive nurse-patient relationship with James and as previously written, the fact that he was a popular and well thought of patient on the ward. Because his death was sudden following the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, the writer believes that none of the health professionals involved were prepared for his rapid deterioration and death.Again, Kbler-Ross (1969 1973), describes grief and loss as a 5 stage model, commonly known as the five stages of grief. In it, the stages described are, denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance, however an individual may not experience these stages in the order Kbler-Ross described, nor may they e xperience all of the five stages. When comparing the emotions felt during this time to this model, it is quite possible that the feelings experienced only cover the depression and acceptance stage of this five stage model. However, in Kbler-Rosss description of these stages, she writes that depression involves a person fitting detached from emotion, non-acceptant of affection or acceptant of efforts to improve emotion. When comparing this description to the emotions felt during this time, it may be possible that one did not experience depression in the form that is described and may only have experienced the acceptance stage of her five stage model. In this stage Kbler-Ross describes the acceptance as coming to terms with the loss (Kbler-Ross 1969).Bonanno (2002, 2004, and 2009) is a popular critic of the work of Kbler-Ross and other theorists. In his studies, and his book titled The Other Side of Sadness What the New Science of Bereavement Tells Us approximately Life After a Loss , Bonanno states that grief does not necessarily occur in stages, as has previously been argued, rather that it contains four common sections (trajectories) which different stack facing loss will experience. The four trajectories, as detailed by Bonanno are resilience, recovery, chronic dysfunction and delayed grief. Bonanno has been highly acclaimed by many psychologists and his peers however he is criticised also for his argument that humans can be resilient, or hardy in the face of trauma, which overturns the theories we have become accustomed to such as Kbler-Ross stages of grief and Freuds theory of repressed memories and coping.Matzo et al (2003) argued that the loss of a patient can affect all involved, including the patient, the family and the nurse themselves and that a nurse will experience a personal feeling of grief and confront it with their own coping skills.In terms of the sadness felt by the writer at the time of the death, as previously discussed, some may argue th at from a professional perspective, expressing emotion in such way is not appropriate , however studies carried out have shown expression of emotion to be a healing power and can help with coping with distress in in store(predicate) incidents (Kennedy-Moore and Watson 1999, 2001 Pennebaker, 1997). In relation to this, Consedine et al, (2002), argue that inexpressiveness can be harmful and can cause delayed distress on the body, however some have argued that in terms of coping professionally, not expressing emotion or a lack of association with an emotional event, may be beneficial (Bonnano 2001).In nurse education, the theory surrounding death and dying is taught in terms of definition, assessment and intervention, and all student nurses are aware of these from an early stage however, little or no teaching is given on death, emotion, grief and the feeling of loss experienced by the nurse (Matzo 2003). This in turn can affect the way a student experiencing a death for the first time can behave and can affect the emotions experienced and displayed, as it did for the writer on the death of James. As discussed earlier Dakin (2003), found that most nursing students when asked to discuss an experience of death, have shared a sense of loss and grief and have become emotional at the loss of a patient at some point which has argued that the sense of emotion felt by the writer is in fact relatively normal, particularly when less experienced with emotion situations.ConclusionFollowing the incident, when reflecting upon what happened and the feelings of the writer, it could be confirmed by the writer that James was given excellent care and support during his time on the ward and in death, and there is doubt whether the nursing and medical staff could have done more to reassure James or make him comfortable. James was pain free at the time of his death and appeared settled and comfortable.The writer feels this incident, although sad and emotional, to be overall quite pos itive, in that it has enabled the writer to learn from the emotions experienced and build strengths in dealing with similar situations. This incident and the chance the writer has had to reflect upon what happened at the time, has allowed the writer to discover the thoughts and feelings of the incident and relate them to literature. As this was the writers first experience of death and dying, there is no other previous clinical incident to relate these feelings and behaviour to, although a similar incident which has recently taken place, will be discussed in the next section.From speaking with doctors and nursing staff on the subject of coping with the death of a patient and coping with the sudden diagnosis of terminal illness, the author has learned more about the topic and how to approach it. The writer has also found it positive to learn that the emotions experienced are common, particularly among nurses and that emotion is a natural human response that in some cases cannot be av oided (Dakin 2003 Matzo 2003 Redinbaugh et al 2003).Working with and get together James was a very heart warming and at the same time educational experience for the writer, in that his death, although emotional, has enabled the writer to learn from what happened and from the emotions experienced and build upon strengths in dealing with similar distressing experiences in their future training and career. The writer feels happy that had the opportunity to work with James, and happy, and thankful that it was him whom the writers first experience of death was with.Action PlanFrom writing this reflective essay, the writer has learned valuable theory and skills in dealing with death and dying patients and how emotion is quite normal in the experience of death. From reading literature, it has helped me understand more about death, grief and about how nurses cope and develop coping skills when dealing with emotional situations. I felt it necessary to review literature, to compare my feelin gs and to discover if others experience similar a similar sense of loss. On discovering that the emotions felt following a first death experience are common, it gave the writer assurance and confidence that they would cope better the next time a death occurred in practice.Coincidently, after reading this literature, recently, another(prenominal) elderly patient passed away whilst the writer was in practice. Similarly to James, she was a well liked patient on the ward and her death was relatively unexpected, although she was frail and elderly. From reflecting now upon how the writer coped with James death and how they coped with the death of the second patient, an 90 year old lady, the writer can see a substantial discrepancy in the emotions felt during each incident.This confirms that the writer has gained confidence, knowledge and skills in dealing with death and dying patients. The writer learned how to shed a tear without becoming overly emotional, and how to offer sympathy and support to the family of the deceased without showing too much sadness. The writer believes this is due to not only the literature read for this essay, but also the support received from the nursing staff following James death, and the clinical supervision received on the ward by nursing staff at the time. This mirrors Bonannos (2001) argument that talking about an incident and ones emotions is highly beneficial and potentially more beneficial that writing or reflecting about it.The writer does feel however that student nurses should be given more ed

Manoeuvre Warfare Applicability In Mountains And Developed Terrain Philosophy Essay

show War serve Applicability In Mountains And Developed Terrain Philosophy Essay1. Nothing has decided the fate of nations and throng as war has- cultures and civilisations deplete vanished, the people absorbed by the victorious armies. War fare is thus the ultimate survival of the fittest environment, and the evolution of war fare within the environment has occurred through and through an almost unconscious, Darwinian, serve of natural selection It is therefrom imperative that a nations armed forces match this evolution process. In ordinate to earn this they must embrace the latest technology and constantly endeavour to redefine and upgrade their strategy, doctrines and war fighting philosophy.2. 2100 old age of recorded history of warfare has led to the emergence of two distinct styles of warfare Attrition warfare and head warfare. The simplest comparison between the two is that the former is akin to arm rassling where the basic reliance is on strength or force on force with limited application on targeting the mind through speed and agility, mend the latter is akin to Judo or Taekwondo where the main thrust is on speed and agility to target the opponents mind and limited emphasis is on strength per se. In fact, the strength of the opponent is rendered ineffective and is utilized to defeat him.3. Indian army executed the most brilliant campaign establish on orient warfare the Bangladesh War 1971 wherein Bangladesh was liberated at a relatively low follow and the Pakistan troops largely intact was defeated and 93.000 prisoners were captured. By manoeuvre in snip and space, the competitor mind was paralysed into inaction. The Bangladesh campaign is taught in foreign countries as the most complete campaign based on manoeuvre warfare. Yet it is an irony that our Army is just loosely following manoeuvre, in both theory as well as practice, for decades now.4. Military theorists state that it normally takes a 50 years cycle in respect of changes i n army equipment, force structure and doctrine to stabilise. It is no wonder that the winds of change are sweeping across military thought and several(prenominal) of worlds major armed forces are in a greater or lesser flux. On one hand, technological changes are influencing the warfare, on the other hand, military thought is looking towards better method of war fighting with the propose of switching from attrition warfare to manoeuvre warfare.5. There is therefore a need to understand, institutionalize and apply the war fighting philosophy of manoeuvre warfare in the present times as it does not consent to us a long battle. The study steeringes on the vital essentials of manoeuvre warfare and analysis how this approach mint be satisfactorily applied in mountains and developed terrain in the Indian context.Definition of Manoeuvre war6. Manoeuvre is one of the two basic components of combat. The other is fire power. It is some times taken to be simply another word fir the move of forces. More often, it is used to mean relational move, i.e. move relative to an opponents position. Manoeuvre is defined in the Glossary of Military Terms as, move of forces in the field in order to place the fire power of the fighting elements in a friendly position. Combined with surprise, deception and speed, manoeuvre may be used on occasion to offset enemy superiority in the power and increase the nauseating of own force.7. The US Armys Field Manual defines manoeuvre as move of forces in relation to the enemy to secure or retain positional advantage. In this essence, Manoeuvre means an attack on either or both of the enemys flanks. Move into his rear to disrupt his support elements, or encirclement. The essence of manoeuvre in the classic usage of the team is not move per se but the achievement of positional advantage. Because of basic human psychology, a force that is hit where it is weak, where it does not except to be hit, or in such a manner as to have it cut off fro m its supplies. Reinforcement or line of sack out tends to panic and disintegrate. The principal effect or manoeuvre is the more mental the somatic and therefore more powerful than simple physical attrition. In manoeuvre warfare, the objective is the enemys collapse as a cohesive, functioning force, not his incremental destruction through the application of firepower.8. Manoeuvre Warfare depends upon out manoeuvring the enemy, both in the spatial and the temporal sphere, through a faster tempo The leverage achieved by placing ones own mass in a position of advantage through spatial manoeuvre at a faster tempo than the enemy brings about the dislocation and psychological disruption to paralyze the enemy commanders mind, leading to his defeat.9. Manoeuvre is a frame of mind and a style that has application at the tactical, operational and strategic level. Mobility is the means to execute a manoeuvre. Only when mobility is applied with the aim of inflicting paralysis on the enemy co mmands, does it get translated into manoeuvre. Thus, manoeuvre is not a way of movement but a way of thinking.10. Inherent in the Manoeuvre Warfare is the need for violence, not so much as a source of physical attrition but as a source of physical dislocation. Towards this end, we concentrate strength against critical enemy vulnerabilities, striking quickly and boldly where, when and how it will cause the greatest damage to the enemys ability to fight. Once gained or found, each advantage must be pressed relentlessly and unhesitatingly.11. Surprise remains an integral weapon in the arsenal of Manoeuvre Warfare. By studying ones enemy we should attempt to appreciate his perceptions. Through deception we should try to shape his expectations. Then we will dislocate them by striking at an unexpected time and place. In order to appear unpredictable, we must avoid set rules and patters which inhibit imagination and initiative. In order to appear ambiguous and threatening, we should opera te on axes that offer several courses of action, keeping the enemy unclear as to which we will choose.Manoeuvre and Manoeuvre Warfare12. It is an accident of language that the word Manoeuvre and Manoeuvre Warfare have been confused and taken to be synonyms. Manoeuvre can be defined as the organised movement of forces during combat in combination with fire or fire potential to achieve a position of advantage relative to the enemy in order to deliver a decisive strike. Elsewhere, the term is overly used as synonym for movement as in fire and manoeuvre, in small unit tactics. Since everyone is generally clear about manoeuvre, Manoeuvre Warfare is generally perceived as warfare employing manoeuvre. Consequently the retort, it is just a fancy new name for what we have always done.13. The fact of the matter is that in Manoeuvre Warfare, manoeuvre means much more. It is not only a question of movement in space to gain positional advantage, but withal to gain temporal advantage, through g eneration of a faster operational tempo. One aspect that stands out clearly on all victorious campaigns based on Manoeuvre Warfare is that one of the proponents, by his actions, brought about a sudden change or a series of changes on the battlefield to which the adversary could not adjust in a timely manner. As a result he was defeated and that too at a small cost to the victor.METHODOLOGYStatement of the Problem14. The aim of the study is to examine the significance of manoeuvre warfare and to analyse its application in mountains and developed terrain in the Indian context.Hypothesis15. Manoeuvre warfare is a war fighting philosophy that seeks to shatter the enemys physical and psychological cohesion through a series of speedy and unexpected actions and can be successfully applied in any terrain or scenario from the tactical to the strategic level provided the basic tenets are adhered to. Thus, the concept can be equally and efficiently applied in mountain and developed terrain in the Indian context.Justification of the study16. The Indian Army Doctrine deputisedivision 20 Para 7.14 directs our focus on the intellectual understanding, institutionalisation and implementation of manoeuvre warfare and Directive command. The challenge before the Indian Army is to apply this sub doctrine of war fighting and command. Although this war fighting philosophy was successfully applied by Indian Army in the 1971 war, but no pregnant gains were made in the western sector. Therefore it is imperative that we give a more detailed look at what can be done to achieve a vital breakthrough and a decisive victory, especially in mountain and developed terrain.17. Even though manoeuvre warfare is today a much talked about subject in our army, its application and convention to a doctrine or war fighting philosophy in mountains and developed terrain is a long way off. The possible reasons for this are many, which include cynicism that manoeuvre warfare is nothing new, a tradition ally attritionist approach, resistance to change, over emphasis on no loss of territory and so on. There is a need for us to analyse how this approach can be satisfactorily applied in the Indian Armys context especially in mountains and developed terrain.18. In the light of the arguments given above the subject Manoeuvre Warfare and its Applicability in mountains and developed terrain has been chosen for the study.Scope of the Study19. The research shall seek to study the essentials of manoeuvre warfare and its characteristics and to make it more meaningful the study will narrow down its focus on application of manoeuvre warfare in the developed terrain in Indian context. It will concentrate on the aspects needing attention in our thought process and the organisational and institutional changes necessary to facilitate this approach. The basic premise of the research is that manoeuvre warfare is a war fighting philosophy and can be successfully applied in any terrain or scenario fro m the tactical to strategic level provided the basic tenets are adhered to.Operational DefinitionsMethods oF Data CollectionOrganisation of the Dissertation20. The oratory has been divided in following chapters-(a) Chapter I . Introduction.(b) Chapter II. Essential Elements of Manoeuvre Warfareand Analysis of 1971 Bangladesh Campaign..(c) Chapter III. Emerging Principles for Application of Manoeuveristic Approach in Developed Terrain.(d) Chapter IV. Characteristics, Challenges and Analysis of have got Concept of Operations in Developed Terrain.(f) Chapter V. Recommendations and Suggested Changes for Application of Manoeuvre Warfare in Developed Terrain.Directive Style of Command.Leadership Doctrine.Changes in Tactics and Equipment. nurture and Training.Restructuring Strike Corps.Domination of Electromagnetic Spectrum.(g) Chapter VI. Conclusion.

Network Administration Essay -- Computer Science

Network AdministrationI have worked as a computer profit executive for over 5 years. Ihave worked mostly with networks in a mixed Microsoft Windows NT andNovell Netware environment. I am a Novell Certified Novell Engineer(CNE) and I am a certified Novell GroupWise Administrator. I havetaken classes in compliance of Cisco routers. In this essay, I willdiscuss the definition of a network administrator, the tasks andresponsibilities of a network administrator and share a day in thelife of a network administrator. For documentation on my credentials,I am including my affidavit certificates.What is a Network Administrator?A network administrator is one who maintains and troubleshoots yourcomputer systems. Depending on the size of your organization and thecomplexity of your technology, a network administrators work lowlife rangefrom ten hours per week to full time. There are some obvious networkadministration tasks, such as installing or upgrading system softwareand managing user acco unts and disks space, so you probably have someidea of what an administrator does. The InternationalTelecommunications Union (ITU) is a consortium of telecommunicationscompanies worldwide who have, among other(a) things, defined a series ofrecommendations that describe how a telecommunications managementnetwork (TMN) should be operated. The ITU members have adopted a modelof management functions that I consider is of interest to us because itprovides a framework that we can use to understand the role of thenetwork administrator. This function model is often referred to as theFCAPS model aft(prenominal) the initials of each of the major functions itdescribes.TMN function Naive descriptionFault Management Fixing what is broken.Configuration Management Controlling the operational parameters ofsomething so it works the air you want.Accounting Management Knowing who is using how much of what, andmaybe billing them for it.Performance Management Making sure it all works acceptably quic kly. protective covering Management Controlling who can do what.The idea is that just about any network management task can be said to locomote to one of those management functions. For example, plugging apatch-lead back in after it has fallen out is fault management,introducing a firewall onto your network is a security managementt... ...workstation can be putback in service elsewhere, the administrator would possibly format thedrives (effectively erasing all the previous data) and reassign theworkstation in a position that is little demanding than the previousone. I have found that installation of rising workstations not only makesthe end user more productive, but generally the task of administeringthe workstation is easier because of the feeler in technologyi.e. newer operating system. Some administrators have found it usefulto sue a procedure called ghosting to speed up the process ofsetting up multiple new workstations. When this process, a workstationis configured with gen eral setting sufficient for most users. Specialsoftware is used to copy an image of that configuration. When a newworkstation or workstations is needed to be configured the imaged isthen copied to the hard drive. For this procedure to work, theworkstation must have the same or very similar hardware as theoriginal workstation the image was copies from. Otherwise there willbe multiple errors and the administrator will spend time morecorrecting errors than he/she would have doing the configurationmanually.

A World of Freedom With Chains Attached :: essays research papers fc

Everyone has heard of the Internet and how it is going to help set the world relax. The Internet is the fastest growing form of talk and is becoming more and more greennessplace in the average American home. Companies these days do big business over the Internet, and online shopping has grown staggeringly in the last few years. For instance, the online auction site eBay sells millions of items every year online. Many companies are making even more plans to expand their business to the Internet. Wireless, borderless communication and the uninterrupted flow of nurture have been promised to bring democracy, education, and culture to every corner of the world with a phone line. Unfortunately, there have been numerous attempts recently to censor the Internet in the name of decency. If the Net is controlled, regulated, restricted, or censored in order to keep it clean, it will have severe effects on its capabilities and potential. In recent years, America and other leading countries economies have become increasingly dependent on the need to instantly move large amounts of information across long distances. Computerization has changed everyones life in ways that were never before imagined. The global network of interconnected computers allows lot to send electronic mail messages across the world in the blink of an eye and stay updated on world events as they happen the world has become a a great deal smaller place as a result of this global communication and exchange of ideas. There have also become thousands of online communities of people who share common interests through message boards, chat rooms, and electronic mailing lists (Wilmott 106). At present, the Internet is the ultimate demonstration of the first amendment free speech. Here is a place where people can speak their mind without being punished for what they say or how they choose to say it. The Internet owes its incredible worldwide success to its protection of free speech, not only in America, but also in countries where freedom of speech is not guaranteed. For some, it is the only place where they can speak their mind without timidity of political or religious persecution (Cyberchaos). The Net is also one of Americas most valuable types of technology scientists use email for quick and easy communication. They post their latest scientific discoveries on online newsgroups so other scientists in the same field of study all over the world can know in minutes.

Pride, Honor and Survival in The Last Samurai and Hidalgo :: Movie Film Movies Films Essays

Pride, Honor and Survival in The Last Samurai and HidalgoIn the 2004 movie, Hidalgo, the story of how a cowboy and cavalry fill out passenger, charge as the worlds greatest endurance rider, is challenged to compete for pride, honor, and his own survival in a 3,000 mile long race know as the Ocean of Fire. Likewise, the story of The Last Samurai depicts how a civil war era captain is charged with the responsibility of training a modern Japanese military force, and is captured by Samurai warriors in a battle to quell the Samurai rebellion. While he is being held by his captors, he learns the ways of the Samurai and must use his impertinent skills to fight for his, as well as Japans pride, honor, and cultural survival. This essay will attempt to draw similarities between Hidalgo and The Last Samurai by examining the private feats accomplished by the movies main characters as well as explain how these seemingly dissimilar movie plots are actually quite similar.The movie Hidalgo te lls the story of bold T. Hopkins, cowboy and cavalry drop off rider. During his career, Hopkins and his horse Hidalgo have competed in many American endurance races, and Hopkins has become honorably billed as the worlds greatest endurance rider. Riding as a dispatch rider for the cavalry, one of the main character conflicts of the movie unfolds. Frank T. Hopkins, born to a Lakota Indian woman is half Lakota Indian, but has a hard time dealing with this aspect of his heritage. The conflict comes when he rides a dispatch for the U.S. Calvary unknowingly delivering the order to disarm the Lakota Indians, and inadvertently causes the Battle of Wounded Knee, where the Lakota are massacred by the cavalry.Knowing that he delivered the order sealing the fate of his people, Hopkins fall into horrible depression, taking to heavy drinking. Because of his reputation as the worlds greatest endurance rider, Hopkins joins Buffalo Bills Wild West Show, and is haunted by the nightmare of the massacre.In an example pride, honor and survival, Hopkins is challenged to overcome his depression and self-pity and enter a race, a 3,000 mile survival race across the Arabian Desert, known as the Ocean of Fire. The Ocean of Fire, held annually for more than a 1,000 years, is an endurance race like no other. Beyond being a race for pride and honor, riders survival skills are tested in the 3,000 mile Ocean of Fire.