THINKING SKILLS AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

THINKING SKILLS AND ecumenic MANAGEMENT - Essay ExampleFinally, a conclusion shall synthesize the main points of the paper and demonstrate the proceed use and viability of systematic management in post-modern management practices.Taylorism is a method of management which was formulated by Fredrick Winslow Taylor in 1911, as in the title of his monograph The Principles of scientific Management, which aimed to enhance labor productivity and manufacturing efficiency (Zahir, Themistocleous, & Love, 2003). Taylors emphasise as an industrial engineer in the USA later earned him the title of the Father of Scientific Management (Schroeder, 2003). He analyzed workers behaviors across industries he was involved in and hardened that One outflank Way could achieve a higher rate of production that was standardized and so cut cost to the company. He also develop a time and motion study wherein he broke pop each job in a manufacturing process into its voice elements and measured the duration of each component to a hundredth of a minute. This reduced the number of movements or actions that a worker needed to bedevil in order to perform each component of the overall job. Each component could then be standardized across all workers performing that job, reducing wasted action and increasing productivity and after company profits.It was also found that the reduction in the number of actions needed to perform a totality job would dramatically reduce worker fatigue (Schroeder, 2003). Taylor is noted for his study into the use of shovels, he discover that workers used the same type of shovel for a range of materials. Through systematic evaluation Taylor determined that 211/2 lb was an ideal load for a shovel, and then located or designed a variety of shovels for each type of material that could scoop that amount. Ultimately, Taylor sought to portray industrial management as an academic discipline, so that evidence-based research could be used to make informed decisions abou t the most trenchant and efficient way of maintaining a cooperative and innovate workforce that could achieve maximum productivity at minimal costs.In summary, Taylors theory of scientific management consisted of four distinct principles1. Instead of the rule-of-thumb of traditional work methods, tasks should be grounded in the scientific study of each task and its component parts.2. Use systematic and standard methods to recruit, select, train, appreciate and develop each employee instead of workers continuing to train them in a passive and non-standardized manner.3. Collaborate with workers so that systematic and standardized methods of completing a task are followed.4. Delegate work amongst managers and workers in an come to manner to ensure that managers implement scientific management principles when planning work, and to ensure that workers actually follow-through on task procedures. In this way, Taylor approached management of work tasks as a scientific problem. After Tayl or, the rapid come near of technological development paved the way for advances in statistical analyses of scientific problems. This progress led to the usefulness of Taylors systematic principles to provide more stringent quality control during the 1920s and 1930s (Miner, 2002). Quality

What inferences can you draw from this passage What are the Assignment - 1

What inferences can you draw from this passage What are the implications - Assignment ExampleJob-fit refers to degree of which a particular applicant possesses knowledge, skills and abilities to perform the job he/she has applied for. For example an formation has a slothful position of marketing manager and the organization wants the applicant to have an aggressive approach towards work and the organization expects the incumbent to control his emotions while making any decisions. While hiring the marketing manager, the organization can run out the Big Five Personality Test. This will help in shortlisting candidates who score high on the trait of conscientiousness and are highly emotion altogethery stable. The organization can select one of the candidates from the shortlisted ones in compliance with the required traits. This will help in ensuring that the marketing manager is ready to work all the time and is ready to accept new challenges and does not make up decisions based on e motions and rather make rational

Fire service administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Fire service administration - try Examplehe company has various departments such as the exploration department, the FrPD department that is responsible for providing safeguard against fire in the company and the training department that is responsible to offer the employees training in army to ensure that they are effective in carrying out their duties. It has fire advanced training center where the employees sustain rigorous training before they are given the responsibility to protect its facilities and also the people. In my essay, I will look at the training department that came up with the all innovativeness program. I will rehearse the systems approach in analyzing how the organization implemented the program, the problems it faced and how the management is involved in implementation of the program.This is a program that was started when the company discovered that the people had great electromotive force. In the program, the management welcomed the employees ideas and enc ouraged them to involve ideas for improving the company performance. The vice-president told the management committee that the subordinates had the ability to run the organization. The submission of their ideas was made possible finished the web management system where the employees were to post their ideas. 3,500 ideas were submitted in the year 2002 and they kept on increasing and by the year 2009, 80,000 ideas were submitted. The company took their ideas into consideration and this saved the organization a great deal.The company also comprehended the synergy value in the program that comes due to the interaction between people. The company thought, planned and duplicate various employees from various departments and took their ideas into consideration when they trained them because of the realization that the people they were dealing with were professionals who had a lot of experience. It has a well-organized and efficient way of decision making that is clear to all the emplo yees. It kept in mind the potential of each

Steam Linux OS effect and their golden chance to overtake Windows Essay

steamer Linux OS effect and their grand chance to overtake Windows position in business data processor industry - Essay ExampleTherefore, this circumstance gives a lordly impact to the Steam and Linux OS industry that attract the gamers because it provides a applicative dish up for the gamers and people in the humans. Valve as one of the biggest firm in computer gaming industry started to entreat people to use Linux OS because of the steam softw ar. Valve realized that people love to be al appearances practical these days, and that Steam provides it all by having many game tools in their strategy. People washbowl buy million types of games, and upgrade their patches by only having a simple account and a Steam program. Therefore, it makes gamers and peoples life easier because they do not leave to surf the website to find the game they need, and sometime the random website can get the computers infected by some spyw ares, and different viruses. Furthermore, they just can purchase it through this system online without going out to the stores to buy computer CD and install it. However, Valve has to make sure that Linux OS lead keep up the quality of the Steam otherwise, people may run back to Windows if there are no improvements from the recent system. Analysis and Critique A Golden Chance for Linux OS Every separate need entertainment in their life, and I believe that every single person has ever play games in their life. This is because humans love games in addition, people are having a strong bond to the world of information engineering science nowadays. Technology and especially computer or laptop supports the largest part of their life now, which plays a crucial role in peoples life. Individuals prefer to seek the most effective way or practical way for their life nowadays in addition, they tend to spend more money, and do less effort for a service (Stahie, 2013). Most of the people in the current generation are fond of staying in their houses and use their credit card to purchase what they want from their own computers. Hence, they can have that service from Steam that provides a practical way to purchase and downloading games. This Steam system services gives the positive impact to Linux OS because people start switching from windows to Linux OS on the other hand, it inversely affects the other company firm such as windows. On the positive side, if they can improve the performance of Steam system it could be another invention to make the gamers life more practical. However, if we look on the cast out side of this invention, sometimes it is dangerous if people cannot control themselves to spend an equal time in playacting games and in their real life activities (Stahie, 2013). There are two big firms today in the computer business enjoying a great popularity in the society, as they provide great services in the technology industry. One of the largest businesses that they have is in gaming entertainment, as over a mill ion people are addicted to computer online gaming today. Computer firms use this fact to generate profit for them. A ex past, Windows led the computer gaming industry, back then people could install a CD that had 4-5 games of Valve, half(a) Life, and they could connect to the Internet and play online with other gamers. Thus, though founded 16 years ago by a couple of refugees from Microsoft, Valve make games that wild-eyed fans play until their thumbs hurt and dawn jabs through the curtains(Wingfield, 2012). Sixteen Years ago Valve and Half Life worked together with Windows to create a game system that could entertain computer gamers effectively. In addition, there was

Consciousness and Mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consciousness and Mind - show Example The experiences in which the artist sees his phantasy formations, or more precisely, that peculiar internal seeing itself or bringing to intuition of centaurs, heroic characters, landscapes, and so on, which we contrast to external seeing, to the external seeing that belongs to perception (Meraud, 27). Husserl is of the eyeshot that phantasy is quite fairly evolved in the artist. piece Husserl asserts aesthetic consciousness in artists, Noe (2000) argues, Art squirt make a needed contribution to the study of perceptual consciousness (123). He means that art of artists can provide us the opportunity to gain a reflective experience. That is how one can do phenomenological investigation. To put forth his point forward, Noe (2000) illustrates cases of Smith and Serra. Both create metal shapes appropriate for outdoor installation. While Smiths works are created based on mathematical or geometrical ratios Serras works are rigorously experientia l. Smiths creation attempts to combine certain shapes such as terahedrons so as to gormandize out space. They are demonstrative pieces to show that space can be filled. In contrast, Serras pieces depend upon their scale, their surroundings and their complexity. Smiths pieces can be viewed as universal. Smith is more concerned with geometry, form and internal relationships while Serras sculpture invokes consciousness (Noe, 2000). He categorically emphasizes that works of some artists do qualify for phenomenological study meaning existential art enables us to do this.

Production Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Production Analysis - Essay ExampleIn this span of time, considerations were do to generate eco-efficient inventions that led to introduction of the cotton wool gin. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, an invention that led to a lot of changes and influences concerning cotton production and agriculture in its entirety (Textile Technology Digest 75).This invention was the perceptible mother of inventions. Whitney had just been hired as a tutor in a plantation in Georgia. He witnessed and heard complains of workers who cried for heavy workload. Given Whitneys interest in solving mechanical problems and as had been advised by Littlefield Greene, Whitney developed a brush exchangeable machine that was able to separate cotton from the seed (Textile Technology Digest 201). However, the Whitneys machine was a crudely crafted box fitted with a cylinder, a row of saw-like teeth, and a crank. It cylindrical design allowed the raw cotton to be fed to the teeth like wire through th e cylinder. The cylinder spurned around as the wire teeth passed the cotton via small-sized slits on a bar of wood. This process discarded the unwanted seeds as the cotton fibers pulled off.Whitneys cotton gin was a stark and crude as the machine, but it increased the processing rates of cotton (Zanden 126). The efficacy of the invention was significant in that the cotton was inserted into the gin through a 16 inches manually controlled diameter pipe that moved around the cotton. Within the gin, there were roller spikes that helped in breaking the cotton modules into different parts. The loose cotton then went into the original starting point just like the trailer cotton. As the cotton moved, it carries a lot of moister that was removed by passing it through a dryer. The large clumps of cotton disintegrated into finer materials through the rotating spiked cylinders. Additionally, the gin was fitted with sieves that remove foreign materials such as leaves and

The UN has failed in its central role, the maintenance of Essay - 1

The UN has failed in its central role, the sustainment of international peace and security. what is the role of the UN in world affairs and what it future prospects - Essay ExampleThis view is nominated by Security Council and elected by General assembly. The person in this position cannot be a citizen of any member states that are permanent. The secretary oecumenical is always from an average power and never had prior fame, always high powered people are selected for the post but are disallowed for some(prenominal) reasons (Gallup 2004)By the early 1960s the former president of USSR, Nikita, tried to abolish the secretary generals position. Nikita felt that this position favored the Western powers as the number of member states that are permanent surpassed the communists. To supercede this position he suggested a three member board to be appointed. The panel would be a representation of western power, non-aligned and communists states. The proposal was neglected as non-member s tates were never for the proposal. Since the start of this organization several UN secretaries pick out been spotted for their engagement in the affair of the world. Carl Hammarskjold was selected as the secretary general in the year 1953. In this position, he ruled for 8 years until he met his death in a plane crash. Carl was a son to a former prime minister of Sweden Hjalmar Hammarskjold. Before he joined this organization UN, he held several jobs that were ranked middle in the government of Sweden. He was chosen to be the UN secretary general in 1953 (Altschiller 1993)Hammarskjolds greatest challenge came when the republic of Congo was created. With this part of the region achieving freedom from the cut colonialists, the native tribes were very volatile. There was a power vacuum created making the state vulnerable to elegant struggle. Hammarskjold supervised the process of election following an appeal from UN state assistance. There was a quick war break out and people felt t hat the UN had failed. The Soviet Union stated that the efforts of UN were insignificant and instantly asked for Hammarskjolds

International Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

International Business - research Paper ExampleAs per Avons world-wide strategy it is imperative to sell leadly to individual consumers and the products crack names can be changed in accordance with the cultural environment of different countries but the global brand name will be their primary identification. Avon allows every branch or subsidiary to scar its own competitive prices in response to their local market conditions and the inter-country transfer of learning, resources and practices. 1. Your reading assignment for this social unit describes different selling orientations. Discuss the applicability of each to Avons international operations. Production, sales, customer, strategic marketing, and social marketing atomic number 18 the most common marketing orientations. Avon uses a mix of customer, strategic marketing and social marketing orientations in its global marketing strategy. Avon is staple fiberally a customer oriented company which allows product modificatio ns as per country-specific or customer-specific requirements. As a part of its social marketing campaign to support women, Avon started its social k at a timeingness programs manage fighting against domestic violence and breast cancer. Avon also introduced insect-repellent skin creams in South American countries. The company also took an innovative step in its distribution method in China to befittingly implement its strategic marketing orientation. 2. Why is Avon so much more than dependent on its alien operations than on its home (U.S.) operations? The strategy of going global was based on a primary fact that there will be more chances of profitability if you could access more customers. The basic reason of exporting is to increase the profitability of business either to explore new markets or to charm rid of local heavy competition. Avon had both. The selling model developed by Avon that is in accordance with the record of their products is not much suitable for the women i n United States. As a large number of women are engaged in full metre jobs, it will be difficult to access them through direct selling model. 3. Discuss socioeconomic and demographic changes that could see Avon. Avon has a specific sales model that is cable television with its business model and the nature of products it is selling. However in order to make the business profitable, it is necessary to attend the socioeconomic and demographic trends of the country. In United States, the availability of women is a major issue. Avon needs part condemnation sales force to implement its sales model effectively with a low labor cost. The inaccessibility of women affects the volume of sales because there will be fewer candidates willing to take the part time sales representative job and also there will be fewer women to meet those representatives to grease ones palms the products. 4. How might a global recession, such as the one that began in 2008, impact Avons operations? Going globa l is a risky decision as the economic recession can affect the profitability of a global company more than a local company. Some portion of in operation(p) cost of global operations is fixed in nature and can not be avoided like legal formalities of each country. Global recession also affects the purchasing power of customers and they are now more focused on the usability of the products they purchased. In this situation, companies are focusing on modifying their business strategies to deliver products with more functions with an economic price in order to satisfy the

Did the USA need to drop bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 Essay

Did the USA need to hook bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 - Essay ExampleSimultaneously, it demonstrated a change within the nature of warfare, as well as the beginning of a novel age. American Head of state Harry Trumans contentious verdict to drop an atomic-bomb on japan concluded the 2nd World War as well as initiated the nuclear era (Leahy 2008). Since the culmination of the warfare, Trumans verdict has been the focus of much debate, by and large becauseof the huge civilian fatality toll, which ensued from the assaults. Nevertheless, the setting of the era as well as the demand to stop the 2nd World War rendered the usage of the nuclear-powered weapons an indispensible action to force the japans surrender. Trumans verdict to employ the atomic-bomb over Japan was vindicated by the historic setting of the 2nd World warfare, Japans repudiation to surrender totally, and the huge death toll projected from an attack of central Japan. Revisionists vex reckoned the usage of the atomic-bomb a misdemeanor against humanity because of the high civilian casualties as well as dire effects, which ensued from the attacks. The subject of morals has made this debate much more controversial (Leahy 2008). Assessed by todays ethical standards, the usage of the nuclear bomb on Japan that produced thousands of fatalities is commonly viewed as ethically treat (Hayes 2006). Nearly 150,000 nationals were murdered because of the attack of Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Only cardinal three thousands of Hiroshimas populations of three hundred and fifty thousand were soldiers (McNulty 2005). Conferring to the American Strategic Bombing Assessment, all but three thousand, two hundred and forty three of the seventy thousand people slayed by the bombing of Hiroshima were civilians (The United States Strategic Bombing field 2006). Because of the large civilian death-toll from the bombardments, the usage of the nuclear explosives is contended to be unlawful (Frank 2009, pg. 19). Rend ering to the Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare, outlined in February of 1923, the bombarding of nationals was an illegal and illegitimate usage of military machine force. The Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare control that the Aerial bombing is legal only when aimed at a martial objective, namely, a purpose where the impairment or destruction would establish a distinctive military benefit to the destructive, and additionally firms that if legal military goals such as martial establishments as well as factories employed for military reasons are so positioned, that they can never be attacked without the undiscerning assault upon the civilian populace, the aircraft should abstain from assault (Leahy 2008). The bombing of Japans warfare production industries unavoidably resulted to the prevalent bombings of huge areas occupied by civilians. Hence, according to planetary law, Nagasaki and Hiroshima were not legal military targets (McNulty 2005). As the attack of these towns was unlawful, the usage of the nuclear bombs is contended to have been unfounded get to the prevailing international decree during the 2nd World War (Hayes 2006). The large civilian death-toll, which ensued from the attack of Nagasaki and Hiroshima, occurred in a dreadful manner. Radiation illness afterwards claimed tens-of-thousands of lives of people who were not directly murdered by the attack (Hayes 2006). Burchett Wilfred, a journalist who went to Hiroshima on September of 1945, depicted the predicament of radiation fatalities that in Hiroshima, 30 days following the first nuclear

The legalisation of drugs (Class C) will benefit society as a whole by Essay

The legalisation of drugs (Class C) will benefit society as a whole by reducing crime - Essay ExampleSeveral countries throughout the world atomic number 18 working to decriminalize or legalise less harmful drugs much(prenominal) as marijuana, currently separate as a Class C drug, as a means of addressing the growing problem of the state of warfare on drugs. Rather than providing the United States and other countries with the elimination of undesirable drugs as was anticipated, the war on drugs has preferably served to heighten violence, contribute to the development of organised crime, fill the prison system past capacity, consume magnanimous amounts of capital and has still had very little effect on the availability of these drugs or the numbers of individuals who usage them. It has been suggested, and in some cases demonstrated, that legalizing or at least decriminalizing less harmful drugs, such as marijuana, shadower help to reduce the violence, significantly decrease t he numbers of people incarcerated for drug use, allow much individuals to quell a contributing member of society and free up funds and manpower to combat against more harmful substances. To understand these various effects, this paper seeks to evaluate the available literature on the topic, comparing instances such as the Netherlands and England, where marijuana has been decriminalized and regulated to some degree, examine the economic theory that led to the development of the war on drugs as well as its effectiveness and net results and finally explore the types of crime that cause been associated with drug trafficking and possible alternative measures to address some of these related concerns without actually legalizing marijuana. Current trends in public opinion suggest a growing interest in the decriminalization of Class C drugs, such as marijuana, as an alternative approach from the war on drugs that has proven ineffective.

Why an online degree is right for me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why an online degree is right for me - Essay typefaceAlthough I had to take a break from schooling, my conduct had to go on. I got married and had another child. life-time has been simple and happy, but was not free of troubles. However, in the truest sense of our marriage vows of staying together in straightforward times and in bad, my husband and I stuck it out together. We have had a series of unfortunate events in our lives that came one after another. My husband was severely injured in a car accident we were in and was rendered unable to work. He is scheduled for a fanny operation in October. Likewise, my son was injured in a soccer game that resulted in a broken patella. These accidents and my husbands unemployment took a doorbell on our finances that we had to move in with my mother just to survive. We now live in a sm every last(predicate) town where jobs are very difficult to come by. It sure is a struggle for all of us.This temporary setback in my life has motivated m e to work harder to provide a better life for our children. I know a college education is one key to success. I thought of going back to school but the nearest college was one and a half hours away. Aside from the additional cost of conveyance expenses, I could not afford to leave my small children on their own for long stretches of time end-to-end the week. That is when the opportunity of an online college became so attractive for me.I enrolled at Ashford University Online Campus. I have been an excellent student on that point for a year now. Inspired by my children, I am currently majoring in Early puerility Education. My overall Grade Point Average is 4.0. I made it to the Deans List in the Spring and Summer semesters and being in the top 15% of my class, I have been invited to attend Ashfords Golden Key Honor Society.Online college has proven to be such a blessing for me Aside from the consuming knowledge and enjoyment of

Case Study 03092 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case Study 03092 - canvass ExampleNENE limited is considering investing in one of the two mutually exclusive purges, of import and Beta. The investment decision would be taken on the basis of capital budgeting techniques. The calculations in respect of payback period, chronicle rate of return (ARR) and net present value (NPV) carried out for both the count ons are as followsestablish on the capital budgeting calculations carried out in respect of Alpha and Beta, it can be seen the returns accessible from Alpha are more acceptable and profitable. In terms of the payback period, the company with the lower period is accepted. This would typify that the consider would be able to cover their initial cost of investment within a shorter while and begin providing profits (Shapiro, 2005). Accordingly, Alpha is considered to be a better project. In case of other techniques used, the project with higher(prenominal) ARR and higher NPV is required to be chosen as they indicate higher re turns. In this respect, project Alpha is seen to be better. Hence, the company must consider choosing Alpha and invest in the same (Atrill and McLaney, 2006).account rate of return can be expressed as the percentage or ratio mingled with the average profit earned from a project with the average investments made in the same. In simpler words, it explains the returns available from a project on an annual basis. In case of mutually exclusive projects, the one with the higher ARR has greater chances of being selected. In case of a single project, higher ARR would indicate that the project would convey more value to the organization (Marino and Matsusaka, 2005). The ARR technique of capital budgeting is simple and involves less calculations (Bierman Jr and Smidt, 2012).However, a major injustice of the ARR method of project appraisal is that it does not take into consideration the time value of money. A project which

Politics of the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

administration of the Middle East - Essay ExampleThe intermediate power in the society such as the landed gentry, the city merchants, the tribal chiefs and others has effectively reduced the power of the state and negatively impacted the modernization (Lewis, p.225)As per the Muslim belief any fight over against the belief of their religion is considered as a blessed war (jihad) (The making of a modern terrorist, p.5) Osama bin Ladens dislike against the US started from the occupation of US soldiers personnel in Saudi Arabia, the holy country of Muslims, to fight against the Iraqis. Occupation of a Muslim country by an infidel superpower, led Osama in declaring holy war against US (Global Studies, 228).Terrorism in the name of de voter turnoutd war started by Muslim fundamentalists prevented the Muslim community in the gulf region from concentrating in scotch growth or modernization processes. The hostility of Muslim world against the US is mainly because of the US impertine nt policies against the Muslim countries rather than any cultural or religious differences. (Munson, p. 227) A reorientation of American insurance in the Palestine-Israeli conflict can definitely bring down the violent forms of anti-American hatred. (Stanley Hoffman, 186)The advancement in communications has forced the Middle East Muslims to reassess their beliefs. The lack of communication with the external world prevented Muslims from identifying the differences amid their world and the rest. (Lewis, p.227) The internet technologies provided them an opportunity for self assessment. Most of the youths who studies in western countries have contributed immensely to the ever-changing attitudes of Muslims regarding their fundamentalism. Todays challenges for most developing countries are economic in nature. (Mediterranean Quarterly p.124) Economic power is as meaning(a) as military power. The economic power and natural resources of Middle East community has to be satiny for the grow th of their countries rather than developing fundamentalism. In short the Middle East community has immense emf for growth and modernization. But the question is how the international community can make the Muslim community aware(predicate) of the dangers of terrorism in the name of holy war. Politics of the Middle East 3Influence of developmental changes in Iraq on my lifeThe changes, whether it is political, economical, cultural or social, happened at one country will impinge on peoples of other countries as well because of the global nature of the world. The implementation of globalization policies by most of the countries do it absolutely impossible for the people to stay away from developments in other countries. In Baghdad, Iraqi Ali Rahim told CNNs pot Roberts If the Democrats win then the American forces will withdraw from Iraq because the Democrats believe they have had a great neediness in Iraq and they see it as a second Vietnam (Simon Hooper). I know very well that the military expenses of the American troops in Iraq is been collected from the tax payers. For the reconstruction activities in Iraq, the U.S. needs to spend billions of dollars, which again should be collected from the US citizens. I think such feelings led the average American citizen vote against the republicans in the recent elections. In a Gulf War study, the

Learning the Theory of Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning the Theory of Knowledge - Essay ExampleRussell further contends that if a teaching is to be caus every(prenominal)y important it must be defined as a characteristic of behavior. This explanation can non be termed as definite because the result of the behavior or action determines if the belief held was true or false. If the search for food results in success, the belief was true nevertheless in case of failure, the belief is considered false. This does not truly justify that knowledge is true belief. Russell believes there are two methods of inference deduction, and induction. The deduction is only saying the same thing in another way while induction can be mistaken inference.Human beings have been endowed with sense organs or the organs of perception but most often these are all taken for granted. People know many things like whether they touch sensation cold or hot whether it is raining or snowing, or when the sun will rise or set. Descartes argues that the ideas abo ut taste, feel, pain, pleasure, hunger, thirst, sadness or happiness come to us without our consent (Newman, 2005). All these are sensed through the sense organs and with the assistance of the memory, they reach the imagination. The heading receives the data through the nerves from all parts of the body to produce sensory awareness. The mind has a habit of believing what it perceives. This registers in the mind as an experience or knowledge gained through experience. Each somebody acts or behaves according to their preceding experience or their sense of perception.Organs of sight do not increase knowledge. The physical eyeball merely see but unless what has been seen can be absorbed or truly perceived, the seeing has no meaning. Seeing is involuntary perception is not. We conceive, perceive and assimilate what we are interested in. This experience differs from one person to another. When a glass is partially filled with water, the physical eyes perceive it.

Computer sciences and technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer sciences and technology - Essay ExampleToday, the internet has become an indispensable tool to every(prenominal) facet of the human civilization be it political, social, or economical. As clich as it sounds, it made the terra firma smaller. By connecting people thousands of leagues apart, it altered the agency the world interact and helped the culture of each nation evolve towards a more globally centred one.If one will ask any high school student some the essence of the internet, the answer he will probably get is, to be connected to anyone in the world. With the advent and dominance of social networking sites such as Facebook and twitter, it is non surprising at all to realise such a mainstream response. After all, the internet is every bit about connectivity. It is about building bridge over from one part of the world to a nonher about destroying the barriers of each culture in order to let them grow and embrace positive changes. The internet has allowed the social scope of every culture to focus not only on a single-race interaction, but rather to foster a multi-racial relationship.Forty years ago, out front the internet was born, social interaction is on a more personal level. People atomic number 50 bubble just about anything under the sun from the things they are interested the most to the not so interest topics at all with them conversing face to face. Although interaction through the internet can never be as personal as before, the integration of a multi-cultural perspective makes every topic of conversation as interesting, if not even more. This mixed perspective is the primary factor pushing socialization to greater horizonsThe internet has play a great role in reshaping the face of Politics, particularly its dynamics. It has completely revolutionized how political campaigns are carried out. It can be a highly effective platform with which political views can be shared to work people to vote for a candidate. Social networking si tes and blogging are now being tapped as a way to

Characteristics of the Market Essay Example for Free

Characteristics of the Market Essaya. field marketProcessing the small specialty foods with a broad product line and sales of $ three hundred million per year which a food brokers represent the fellowship to the retail food chains by the network. This confederation more focused on ethnic food specialties which including salad dressings, sauces for Italian pasta and condiments such as specialties pickles.b. Two plants produced productOne in the Central Valley of California at Fresno and the other in Illinois south of Chicago which they buy the ingredients from other foods suppliers to avoid the peak seasonal characteristics encountered by food packers. The gild production has take place in bear-sized quantities to maintain low production costs and discipline consistent product quality.c. Generally order on small quantityCompany has ordered from supplier amounting to five to six cases per order only or about 150 to 200 pounds at a time.d. Poor giveyHowever, customers have commented that the company have a poor delivery services because of umteen of ingredients are shipped over long distances and it has depending on the season.e. Two major department managementThis is include the market and Sales and besides has Production department and several staff units for personnel, purchasing and finance. Both of departments are creditworthy for marketing the product lines such promotion, product inventory at the semipublic warehouses, providing sales support and also merchandising. There is also a national sales manager who responsibility for maintaining contact with food brokers, organise public warehouses and arrange for delivery1) Case Summary (Whats the issue?) panorama Foods Corporation (hereafter opinion) is a still-growing, nationwide foods organization that is widely known for its high quality products. With $300 million sales each year, the firm has been relatively successful so far, gaining good reputation and arousing much interest of the pub lic through its brokers and local retailers. However, as the company prospers and customers demand more, Horizon foresees a coming crisis. The distribution issue, which the company has faced for a while, is now causing stock-outs, and increasing competition in the market is threatening the companys market share. Authorities involved fail to scrutinize the issue and its cause, and they are eager to peck each other for the problems. The division of labor between two major departments Marketing and Sales, and Production seems to train a complete rearrangement for a more efficient process.Horizon should also analyze its current sword positioning in the market and rework its strategies if needed. 2) Q1. What are the characteristics of the market served by the Horizon Foods Corporation? Horizon is a specialty foods processor. It has served a national market composed of food brokers who represent retail cut in chains. The food brokers make orders to Horizon. Generally, the orders are small. The production is done in two different plants thanks to the ingredients from few food suppliers.The plants are located in agricultural areas to reduce the cost of transportation. Moreover, Horizon produces in large quantities, and the food produced is very good in quality. The production is dispatched to several public warehouses. Then, these warehouses use contract carriers to deliver the products to the customers. Because of the small orders, the transportation cost to retail stores can be high. The market is very competitive since many another(prenominal) of Horizons food competitors also offer a complete production line

Ichabod Crane and Abraham Van Brunt Essay Example for Free

Ichabod genus Grus and Abraham train Brunt EssayIn the petty story of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow you will find two very different custody, Ichabod Crane and Abraham Van Brunt, competing against each another(prenominal) for but unitary womans hand in marriage, Katrina Van Tassel. Katrina Van Tassel was a ravishing young lady of only eighteen and the only child of a very wealthy farmer nurtured Baltus Van Tassel. Her incur paid little attention to her other than to be proud of her good doings when they were praised by others. Because of her beauty, along with the wealth of her father, Katrina had the interest of many men. Although these men were compulsive away in defeat by a man named Abraham Van Brunt, whom alike had a fast interest in Katrina.Abraham Van Brunt, also know as Brom Brunt, was tall and super hansom with isolated curly hair. He was described as muscular and strong, thus he was given the nick name Brom Bones by the townspeople. Brom was known for his ra mbunctious personality, his have it away for pranks, and his admirable great skills on horseback. He was known as the village hero. He wanted Katrinas hand in marriage, not because he love her, but because he was determined to inherit the wealth of her father Baltus. Brom managed to scare off all the other suitors of Katrina with violence and physical enemy. He had no competition That is until Ichabod Crane came along.Ichabod Crane was a shy shallow teacher who had traveled from his theme state of Connecticut to Sleepy Hollow, New York. He came to teach the children slightly the area. He was known to be a strict teacher, but not cruel. Ichabod was described as a lanky man tall and beautiful with big hands and feet and also a rather larger-than-life nose. He was said to be an awkward n clumsy man. Although he was a rather thin man, he was capable of eating plenty and was often looking forward to do so. He was an extremely superstitious man, so much that he believed in every my th, legend, and tall tale to be truth. This resulted in him intimately being scared of any social occasion that reminded him of ghost, goblins, witches, demons, etc.Despite his awkwardness, Crane was a very sociable man. I guess he had to be considering the fact that he would live at the homes of the townspeople, a different one every week. He was said to be a kind man. He would sometimes walk his schoolchilds home from school, he would play with some of the bigger kids, and he would even help farmers with all of their farming duties. galore(postnominal) women took a liking to Ichabod because he was known to be kind and gentlemanlike. Also, he loved to sing and he had a beautiful voice and the ladies loved it In fact, his voice was so beautiful that he also taught the townspeople to sing and also led the choir at the villages church.Katrina was a student of Ichabod. When he had first met her, like many others, he was mesmerized by her beauty. Although it wasnt until he had met he r father and seen her farmhouse that he felt he was in love with her. To me it seemed as if he had just fallen in love with the idea of inheriting her fathers wealth, but the story says he was in love with her and wanted her spirit, not just her wealth. Of course, this didnt sit well with Brom Brunt at all, and he would try to crease Ichabod off. But Brom couldnt do it in his usual way of violence, because Ichabod had a way of avoiding physical confrontation with him. So instead, Brom would use his second best skill, pranksKnowing that Crane was a superstitious man who was easily scared, Brom would begin to taunt and tease him with scary stories, including the towns most famous one, the legend of the acephalous horseman. This would eventually mark the end of Ichabod Crane. The story tells that one night after attending a caller held at the Van Tassel home, when Ichabod was walking home, he had an encounter with what seemed to be the headless horseman. He was never to be seen aga in. Some believed that it was actually the headless horseman himself who had taken the life of Ichabod, but others believed that is was just Brom Bones in costume out to get what he wanted, Crane goneAs you can see, in comparison, these two men were very different from each other. Quite the opposite Id say. The only thing that they shared a common ground with each other would be their desire for the Katrina Van Tassel and her inheritance. nevertheless then, they would attempt to woo her in very different ways, Crane with his songs and his stories of superstitions, and Brom with his violence and strength. Besides the way these men look, their personalities and even their interests and talents were very different. Id say Brom Bones was a man of good looks and musculus but rather rowdy, rude, and perhaps cruel. While Ichabod was a sensitive man with a kind heart and although he was lanky and awkward looking he was a gentleman with good social skills.

Gender Differences in Leadership Essay Example for Free

Gender Differences in Leadership Essay1. What argon the strongest points of the story? What do you consider ar its main contributions to the theatre of global people management?The radical itself has a very interesting purpose with the look question of whether women leaders are really incompatible from men leaders. The paper gives a very good introduction in particular giving the literature review in order to get familiar with some basic knowledge on the payoff of gender differences in leadership. The review focus combination of sort outs and cultural differences stresses out well a tender viewpoint of the problem, which has not been discussed that widely in prior research. in addition the introduction of the new notion stereotype threat, which actually might be viewed as a partly solution for women sometimes performing not as well as they possibly could is an interesting point for management issues in reality. provided the strongest points of the paper are eviden t. The introduction of the new concept of three paradigms gender-blind view, gender-conscious view and that perception creates reality are not only the strongest points of the paper, but in my opinion can also be considered as contributions to the field of global people management. This new paradigms could possibly change the perception of companies, maybe companies will use the beak of the three paradigms to analyse their own structures and be able to improve situations for women, giving them more(prenominal) possibilities.2. What are the weakest points of the paper? (E.g. What arguments are not strong enough? What is not clear? What is missing?)Potential drawbacks are that paradigms are introduced, but not sufficiently discussed within. Also the paper gives good examples where they can be found, it could show more proof for their existence apart from summarising and drawing them together from old watch overings. Also the paper does not find a good way how to manage diversity an d to capture it. It does not manage the combination of cost-efficient coordination and senility to local cultures. Likewise the paper focuses on only two firms, Fuel and Excel, which are very different in how they fill out the paradigms. In my opinion two firms are not enough, more firms should be reviewed for example in a questionnaire in order to give more accommodate for the findings. Correspondingly the paper does not involve a focus on multinational firms, which is very alpha not to leave out in times of globalization. The last criticism is that the paper is unable to purpose its paper purpose question what is the real difference between men and women in leadership.3. How could the author make the paper better?When writing the literature review the could build up the research papers and the gained knowledge chronologically and not going back and forth in the research dates. As the paper is missing some numbers, the technique of hypothesis could have been used, a bigger num ber of companies questioned in survey style as then a quantitative analysis would exist as separate for whether the problem exists in real life and whether paradigms can be implied in the general management world. Also the point of view of women on this topic would be very interesting and more expedient. How do women observe the gender different initiatives, what would they like as support? Also the paper as already mentioned should include a focus on multinational firms and include those in a study.

The Manifestations of Chivalry in the Past and Present Society Essay Example for Free

The Manifestations of gallantry in the Past and Present Society EssayAndreas Capellanus, in his work The stratagem of Courtly Love, specifies the rules involve in courtly behave. One of the rules specifies the importance of an iodin-on-ones possession of good character. He states, advantageously character is the one real requirement for worthiness of passionateness (Capellanus 115). Within Capellanus text, a homosexualifestation of an individuals possession of good character, specifically a male individuals character, is his practice of chivalry.The Knights codification of Chivalry was thereby a moral system which went beyond rules of combat and introduced the concept of Chivalrous ask qualities idealized by knighthood, such as bravery, courtesy, honor, and gallantry toward women. The ideals described in the Code of Chivalry were express by the oaths and vows that were sworn in the Knighthood ceremonies of the Middle Ages. These sacred oaths of combat were combined with the ideals of chivalry and with strict rules of etiquette and conduct. dauntless practice thereby entails the observation of elaborate precepts and formalities which serve to define aristocratic life in the heroism and probity of the past (Capellanus 116). An example of the workings of brave practice in the attainment of love is evident in Geoffrey of Monmouths account of King Arthurs actions and decisions during his lifetime. Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his book The History of the Kings of Britain, describes Arthur to be an individual of outstanding courage and generosity (whose) inborn goodness gave him such grace that he was love by almost all the people (212).He states that King Arthur developed such a ordinance of court note of handss in his household thatinspired peoples funding far away to imitate him (222). This code of courtliness which spread end-to-end the regions that reached Arthurs conquests were based on the fundamentals of chivalry which required an individual s display of strength, wealth and power. In the case of Arthur, the display of his strength was evident from his initial enthronement at Silchester where he was enthroned by a vast multitude of individuals who admired and revered him for his courage (Geoffrey 212-213).This was also evident when he fought and discomfited a numberless horde as he conquered the kingdom of Ireland (Geoffrey 221-222). The display of his wealth and power, on the some other hand, is evident as his counsel was sought by the different individuals from other kingdoms (Geoffrey 222-223). It is interesting to note that there are certain aspects of Geoffrey of Monmouths account which leads to the conception of King Arthur as a demi-god. An example of this after part be seen in his description of King Arthurs sole defeat of the numberless horde of Irishmen.It is of the essence(predicate) to note that the ideals of chivalry were initially relevant to society in the Middle Ages because these knights upheld a sta ndard of living which elevated society. The influential role the knights held during the Middle Ages was not achieved by chance but by education, faith, and by strictly following the rules of chivalry. In the later period of the Middle Ages, the depiction of chivalry as a noble characteristic became necessary however since the late Middle Ages was characterized by the nobilitys slack up decline in their possession of political power in the state.By creating and perceiving previous noble individuals in a chivalric manner, the members of aristocratic families thereby enabled the continuance of their power within the eyes of the commoners. The use of chivalric tales as well(p) as chivalric practices in order to achieve the publics fright is still prevalent in todays society as put up be seen in the portrayal of actors in chivalric ways. Consider for example the case of Tom Cruise who is portrayed as a chivalric hero in his movies. This image is continually applied to Cruise even in his real life.As a result of this, some individuals chose to act or imitate Cruises behaviors and style. The problem with the manifestations and the use of chivalry in todays society is thereby evident if one considers that as opposed to maintaining political power during the Middle Ages, chivalry is now used in line with the commodification of an individuals desires and actions. For example, if one wishes to act and look like Cruise, it is necessary to watch his movies as well as buy the different magazines which presents a detailed account of his life as well as the life of his family.This conception of chivalry in todays society merely shows how the market dictates and determines the lives of its consumers. separate manifestations of chivalry in todays society are closely related to etiquette and how a man treats a woman. Refraining from foul language, opening the door for a lady, and even killing a spider can be considered chivalrous acts. As society changes it incorporate con cepts such as chivalry into individuals lives.Chivalry still exists in todays society however its manifestations have changed if one compares it to the practice of chivalry in the past which merely shows that although social development enables the continuance of social practices, it does so in such a way that these practices become a far-cry from its original practice in the past. Works Cited Capellanus, Andreas. The Art of Courtly Love. Trans. Jan Ziolkowski. Columbia Columbia UP, 2007. Geoffrey of Monmouth. The History of the Kings of Britain. Trans. Lewis Thorpe. London Penguin Classics, 1966.

Miss Maddie Mae Essay Example for Free

Miss Maddie Mae EssayGoooooood morning Omaha It is 630 am and the high today is 101 degrees. Thats right, it is press release to be another hot virtuoso, delineate sure to make it down to Linoma Beach today, well be down there giving out some chill out prizes and its your chance to winI roll oer on my side to hit the snooze unlesston and I sweep my forehead with a wet cloth to cool down. I lay in make do for only when a few more minutes starring up at my ceiling as I notice an annoying tick coming from my fan, which by the port, is on so high it looks like it is going to plummet from my ceiling at any given moment. Whats today? Something important is supposed to happen today, I think to myself,SHOOT Its Thursday, I yell out stridently and I quickly jump out of bed to my feet and sprint to the shower trying not to trip over practically 18 pairs of shoes and so much clothes it would last me the rest of the spend without having to wear the same wardrobe double.What are you in such a big hurry for? my mom asks me as I cut her off, shut the door, and skip over in the shower.Its Thursday, I yell rump through the walls and over the noise of the shower.And.Ma, how could you forget? Maddies plane comes in at 800, Im supposed to pick her upWell, you better get a move on then Lauren, Its 645I finally get out of my house by most 700 and I anxiously drive to the airport, praying I wont be late. I havent seen Maddie since last summer when she moved to LA to live with her dad for a while. Maddie has been my best friend for the longest time, no one could even compare to our friendship. She is the most real person anyone would ever meet. Did I mention were exactly akin? We are crazy Im hoping now shes home for good, Im not the same without her by my side 24/7, the shoot part about it all is that she refuses to tell me whether shes staying or leaving until I pick her up. It is all truly stressful, it really is I arrive at the airport just barely making it and I conceal for her by the security checkpoint because youre not allowed to go any further than that anymore without a ticket.Kieny My girl,I had to look twice at where that familiar voice came frombecause she looked so different. Last time I saw her she had a crystallize caramel brown hair but now she had gone back to being that beautiful blanching agent blonde hair and blue-eyed girl I knew her to be with a golden bronze tan.Wow, it has been so long, I respond with a huge smile on my face shaking my head back and forth in unbelief.Too long, she replies as we hug jumping up and down with laughter and joy. at once we had our girl screaming fest, we went to this little caf back out in Millard so we could sit outside and charm a cup of coffee and some breakfast to catch up on lost time.So whats it like in LA, I can see youve got their style down thats for sure, you look like a Laguna Beach chick,Maddie leans back in her chair, slides her aviators off of her nose and on top of her he ad, places both elbows on the arms of the chair, and swings her right leg over the left.Its a dream come true, it really is. You would love it there, Kieny So, its my for the first time day back, what big plans do you got for us girl?I didnt exactly have anything planned, I judge we would just go with it, but if I were to tell her that she would be disappointed.I replied, Well, its supposed to get pretty hot today so I think we should go to Linoma Beach, a bunch of people allow be out there anyways,Sounds good. Guess what home girl? she questions me in a tone of dissatisfaction.Oh no come on now Maddie, is this where you tell me your not staying? I asked her with great hesitation.She paused for what seemed to take 2 hours, but in actuality it was just for a few seconds, Nope Girl you better believe Im not going anyplaceI shoot out of my seat with excitement and practically spill coffee all over her white California style tube top and her high top shoes,Thats the way it should be , I laughed,And thats the way it will always be, she said backgiving me another hug.

Arthur Miller’s The Crucible Essay Example for Free

Arthur moth millers The Crucible EssayA crucible is defined as a barren exertion or a container in which metals are melted at very high temperatures. Much alike how metals mold to a new shape at very high temperatures, people change when severe trials and ch all toldenges present themselves. When innocent lives are lost, a person exit realize the wrongs and attempt to make things remedy again. The character John stuff must forget his old teachings and way of life to try to father the town of capital of Oregon to a peaceful community. In Arthur Millers The Crucible, Reverend John wholesome transforms from a prideful prosecutor of witches to a humble piter of the accused because of the guilt he experiences over the innocent lives lost during the Salem witch trials. Reverend John Hale arrives in Salem as a prideful mankind with intentions of persecuting the accused of witchcraft and ridding the town of all evil.Author Arthur Miller says of Hale, This is a beloved errand of him on being called here to ascertain witchcraft he felt the pride of the specialiser whose unique knowledge has at last been publicly called for.(Miller 1252) Miller explains that the reverend has great pride in having the opportunity to show off his skills to rid the town of Salem of witchcraft. His skills in the beginning of the trials come from his books sort of of from his own intuitions. Reverend Hale brings many books into the town in order to use their knowledge to vilify the accused. He opposeves these books to be undeniable, and they cause him to believe that he bequeath solve all of the towns problems with them. Along with the knowledge from his books, he speaks, with a tasty love of intellectual pursuit.(Miller 1257) These stage directions imply that Hale thirsts to be the all-knowing savior of Salem. In his earliest days at Salem this thirst and his assent in the judicial system guide him to find the suspected witches and deal with them accordingly. The rever ends early thirst for heroism soon vanishes as the trials pursue and to a greater extent unexpected people in Salem are accused of witchcraft.Hale travels to the Proctor residence by his accord, without the homages authority, to learn more about them because Elizabeth Proctor has been mentioned in the philander. Learning about the faith life of Elizabeth, Hale starts to question whether all of the accused participate in witchcraft, and discredit of the infallible judicial system starts to arise in him. This doubt grows as he says to settle Danforth about the trials, But is does not follow that everyone accused is part of it.(Miller 1300) He realizes now that the accused are given no chance to plead innocent without the sure urgency of death. Hale sees flaw in the judicial system that he has lived by, and wonders if the many he has condemned to death had no opportunity at all to search innocence. Knowing that the accused have no chance for pick but through ownion of witchcraf t, Hale proclaims, I have this morning signed away the spirit of Rebecca Nurse, Your Honor.Ill not conceal it, my hand shakes yet as with a wound(Miller 1301) He knows that Rebecca has a good life of faith, and she will most definitely be condemned to death by the so called infallible judicial system because of him. Hale shows the feeling of guilt by signing away the life of airiness Nurse, and realizes that he must try to defend the accused because the court will not. Hale loses all demand to condemn the accused and no longer holds pride in himself or his judicial system. With his motivation to seek out witches now gone, Hale believes many of the accused to be innocent and tries to convince this to the court. He tells Judge Danforth, I beg you, stop now before another is condemned I may not fill up my conscience to it no moreprivate vengeance is working through this testimony From the beginning this man has struck me true. By my oath to Heaven, I believe him now.(Miller 1311)Hi s guilt pushes him to defend the accused in bird-scarer of the judge so that their blood will not be on his reach. Hale knows his association with the courts will result in the loss of innocent lives, and he cannot live with himself knowing this. Knowing now that the court operates with error, he quits it and denounces its proceedings. John Hale no longer want to participate in the courts murdering of the innocent, and feels guilty for the lives that he has already condemned through the judicial system. Hale now knows that he call for to think for himself rather than following the laws and rules of the judicial system he has lived by his whole life. Working go from the court, the reverend says, I come to do the Devils work. I come to counsel Christians they should belie themselves.(Miller 1325) Hale knows that the only if way to rid the guilt from his mind is to convince the accused to lie and confess so that their lives may be saved.He has lost faith in the court system that w ill condemn innocent lives, and, throwing away his pride, puts out one last effort to save some of the lives he has condemned. His motivation has changed from condemning the witches in the town to attempting to save the accused. As his efforts are about to fail, he drops to his knees and says, What salary him to bleed? Shall the dust praise him? Shall the worms declare his truth? Go to him, take his shame away(Miller 1334) His efforts to defend the accused fail, and guilt overwhelms him. Reverend John Hale cannot live with the innocent lives he has sentenced to murder and is blue as the accused are led to their death.Cleave to no faith when faith brings blood(Miller 1326) says a transformed reverend as the Salem witch trials come to an end. Reverend Hale loses not only his faith in the judicial system, but also in the God who he believed to be too perfect to allow these tragic events to happen. He humbles himself because the pride that he once had leads to the death innocent live s in Salem. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, Reverend John Hale changes from a prideful prosecutor of the witches to a humble defender of the accused because of the guilt that overwhelms him due to the innocent blood shed at his hands during the Salem witch trials.

The Heckscher-Ohlin Essay Example for Free

The Heckscher-Ohlin turn outThe Heckscher-Ohlin theorem of international portion out argues that a detonator thick country is supposed to export those goods that atomic number 18 capital intensive while a country that is poke abundant is expected to export goods that are labor intensive, while David Ricardo argued that at that place should be free trade among countries and also there should be specialization among the individuals in production of any products.Ricardo later assumes that there is mutual benefit in trade between dickens countries even if one country has the resources while the other lacks the resources. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory assumes that the two countries in trade are identical apart from the differences in their resource endowments. The abundance in capital results in the capital abundant country producing the capital intensive good (Ethier, 1974. ) When there is specialization and trade between two countries there will be an improvement in the standa rds of living in the two countries.The Leontief paradox argues that trade is usually determined by the level of abundance of the factors of production in any economy. He found that although the the States was well endowed with capital it exported labor intensive products and imported capital intensive products. International trade is determined by endowment factors in any Nation. Those countries which have endowment factors for the manufacturers will trade with for each one other while countries with favorable factors for production of primary products will trade with each other.A detail tariff is a fixed rate that is charged on a certain predetermined criterion for example$10 per Kilogram. An ad valorem tariff is a fixed percentage of the total value of the goods cosmos imported. A compound tariff is a charge on a good comprising of both the specific tariff and the Ad Valorem Tariff.REFERENCES LIST Ethier, W. 1974. Some of the theorems of international trade with many goods a nd factors. Journal of International Economics, v. 4 pp. 199206.

African-American Civil Rights in the Years 1950 to 1962 Essay Example for Free

black Civil Rights in the Years 1950 to 1962 Essay exempt how far the put integrity overs in etymon B differ from those in Source A in relation to President Eisenhower and the integration of education. two sources illustrate Eisenhowers negative opinion on consolidation in schools. Both criticise and acquaint Eisenhowers intolerance of non- dust coat piling as Source states Eisenhowers com workforcet that snowy masses are concerned about is that their sweet little girls are not required to sit in school alongside some big overgr declare Negroes . Eisenhowers sympathises the confederation as he originates there himself, the intolerance could be considered to be grammatical constituent of the Souths culture and behaviour to be strict of the black plenty, it is arguable that this effected Eisenhowers political judgement . The fact that Eisenhower came from phalanx background afterwards sp revokeing 44 years of his life in service, would gravel influenced his clo sings and opinions on desegregation as host camps were segregated and Eisenhower would pretend been use to this system. He once a do good agues from the Souths point of pile in Source B, I dont believe you can change the hearts of men with lawfulnesss and decisions this once again supports the point I made before. Evidence of his intolerance was regretting appointing Earl Warren as violatey boss of expertice the biggest damn fool mis ca-ca I ever made he obviously was genuinely against the decision and never wanted desegregation.The similarities continue as both sources shows the reluctance of helping the black people through desegregation. Source A comments that he didnt show a clear support for the sovereign address decision to desegregate schools, his pipe down encouraged monumental resistance. His political and personal opinions were colliding with individually(prenominal) other making his actions limited. Source B shows proof of his reluctance also as it stated c ommon chord years later he fin each(prenominal)y nurtures the little rock 9 with a national army in 1957. This was the first time Eisenhower showed support of segregation moreover it was a weak act from Eisenhower. It could be possible that he felt that it was his study as the electric chair not himself supporting civil rights for the black people.However, the sources do differ in the fact that source B states a more positive view on Eisenhower even thought it was considered weak. As already stated Eisenhower While in government did not spryly support desegregation and had reservations about the embrown decision, he understood his constitutional right to uph octogenarian the federal authority and the law. Eisenhower ordered federal march to guard and Little rock and roll and protect black students as they walked to school. He therefore became the first president since Reconstruction to use federal troops to protect the rights of African Americans. As Source As tone is ve ry negative as it quotes intolerant views on the African Americans, it insinuates that Eisenhower is very against African Americans macrocosm part of a white decree this contrast with the little rock 9 as he aids the black people into the school, after his comments it would been unlikely to help the black people exclusively he does.To finish source A and B are very similar as they both voice the intolerance and his lack of support Eisenhower gave to the African-Americans. I reserve with the source as from my own knowledge he was very against civil rights because of his Sothern influence. His views on desegregation was transparent from his actions and thats what source and B illustrate (12 Marks)(B) Use Source A, B and C and your own knowledge.How important was the commanding tribunal in the development of African-American civil rights in the years 1950 to 1962?The positive act is the highest federal court in the US, consisting of nine justices and taking judicial precedence over all other courts in the nation. The Supreme Court would have benefited every African- American with their decisions of passing and lifting laws if they succeeded in winsome their cases. It allowed them to have legal rights with in the country and legally be equal to the white people. However, the self-esteem of the African Americans was low due to the intolerance of the white people therefore figures such(prenominal) as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther top executive and support of political figures such as Kennedy allowed them to be brave and a sense of pride in gaining par. Therefore, the Supreme Court could be considered less important than other figures and factors that occurred between 1950 and 1962.Source A and B discuss the Brown vs. Topekas dialog box of fosterage verdict in 1954. The Supreme Court passed the law of desegregated schools by the chief of Justice Earl Warren. He was criticised for his decision such as President Eisenhower, who had divided up his annoyance w ith Warren by stating that is was the biggest damn fool mistake he ever made. The silence of Eisenhowers support on desegregation caused massive resistance along with the indirect deadline for when desegregation is to commence. Hence, Brown 2 in 1955 was the attempt to get a clearer deadline than before. However, disappointingly the verdict was with all deliberate pep pill it was still vague and prolonged the wait for desegregation. The Supremes role in this particular situation helped civil rights as it declared more comparison within America however turned to a hindrance as it become a battle of when it will happen.The decision also caused further problems for the African- Americans as Little Rock complied with the high courts laws and trenchant to desegregate there all white school. The NAACP submitted nine students earlier to join the school and gradually bring more in and scoretled them slowly. However, it wasnt that simply as the 9 students went to enter their school they was verbally a good dealed and excruciate by the white Confederateers, Eisenhower had to submit federal assistance to help them into school , this is stated in source B as it had taken 3 years to show any support from Eisenhower and the south to finally accept desegregation .Eisenhowers federal involvement was consequently became the first president since Reconstruction to use federal troops to protect the rights of African Americans. However, since Brown vs. education Source C states that McLaurin vs. Oklahoma rules that universities too have to follow the desegregation law and that you could not provide different treatment to a student solely because of his/her race. This proves that the Supreme Court was furthering African American rights through all levels of education making them equal and educated. This is another influence the Supreme Court had over monumental changes for the African Americans and the society around them.However, it is arguable that the Supreme Court har dly assisted the figures and events that immensely changed civil rights for the African Americans. Events such as the Montgomery Bus boycott in 1956 were a political and social objection. after the arrest of Rosa parks African Americans were ready to take action and regain some equality and raise the wages of how wrong it is to make a tired, old lady to move, even if it wasnt entirely true. The boycott was led by the group the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association) Saturday tertiary December the black community supported each other as a lot of people avoided the mickleses and had to take rides with other people in the community, even though it was difficult the supporters of the cause enthusiastically concord to continue the boycott until there was justice.The success of the black people boycotting led to economic stress were the issue of segregation would be over. The fact that one event, encourage African Americans to stand for their rights influenced and uncovered the most potent figures in civil right history and gained justice from their efforts. This is repeated again the 1960 in the Greensboro sit-ins when African Americans refuse to move to from their seats in the Woolworths store. Their numbers increased in support and was watched by the world even Eisenhower voiced his opinions on the matter. These nonviolent protests allowed black people to become a part of changing their future and not relying on court cases and individuals to get them there.Arguably even though they gained bang-up success the black people didnt have any legal hold on desegregating the bus system, thus the Browder vs. Gayle case. The Supreme Court upheld the district courts decision in making buss desegregated. Without the confirmation from the Supreme Court all the black peoples efforts would have resulted to energy without the confirmation of the Supreme Court. Rosa parks is seen in our modern day history as an sacred civil rights leader. Her story influenced thousands of African Americans to boycott buses and gain equality.However, her image of being a hard working, old, slim women who wanted to rest her feet after a long day isnt true at all. She had been an active protester and NAACP member for years and probably planned this protest to gain publicity and change. Due to her protest Martin Luther King was noticed as a civil rights figure, he had been watched from all over the world and from then on seen as the leading civil rights leader. His efforts in the SCLC created in 1957 after the Montgomery bus boycott, helped the grey African Americans who suffered from great intolerance .However, once again their efforts amounted to achieving the legalisation of equality, without the Supreme Court all their efforts went to nothing. To conclude even though Martin Luther King is seen as the saviour of the African Americans in gaining equality and is still look up to in our modern day society, it is the supreme court that allowed them legally to be tr eated as equals and blend the lives they should live. However, without the efforts and protests the Supreme Court would never have considered to pass or all the African Americans to have the equality they gained through their efforts. Therefore, the other factors that influenced African Americans development on civil rights were more important than the Supreme Court.(2A) Explain why school were not immediately desegregated after the verdict in the Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education case of 1954 * Earl Warren passed desegregation in 1954 in the Brown vs. Topeka Board of education. This was to end segregation. The NAACP appointed Thurgood to take the case and won with Earl Warrens confirmation However, Warren didnt set the deadline when schools should be desegregated. This prolonged desegregation and led to the court case Brown 2 in 1955 to gain directness on when desegregation will commence .However the verdict remained vague commenting that desegregation should happen with all del iberate speed allowing desegregation, once again to be prevented from racial diversity in schools. This suggests that the Supreme Court was reluctant to desegregate schools fully due to Eisenhowers silence and the Souths reluctance to do so.Other than the Cooper vs. Aaron case, the southern manifesto is proof of their reluctance as this was a legal account signed by 99 politicians to counter the decision on Brown vs. Education, because of the legality and not just the opinions of the south. This then makes the manifesto more than reluctance but a serious legal matter. Their claim matched the opinions of the south commenting that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The southern manifesto stated that It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races, It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding to make their contestation fair and agreeable they used the idea that desegregation will bring viol ence and issues to the communities when there is no need.Even though some areas (especially in the pairing where it was more tolerant) accepted desegregation quickly. However, a lot of the south continued segregation as they didnt agree with the Brown vs. Board of Education, thus the southern manifesto. The build-up of tension of intolerance was at little rock. Little rock school in Arkansas decided to consent with the high courts ruling. The NAACP submitted 9 students to the antecedently all white school. They was verbally ill-use and tormented as they entered the school, President Eisenhower had to send federal troops to protect the 9 children. This suggests that fear that was presented in the southern manifesto was proven to be true allowing anxiety for other schools and black people to accord with desegregation.President Eisenhower originated from the south and voiced intolerance himself about the decisions of Brown vs. board of education. It was commented that his silence encouraged massive resistance to applying the new law forcefully through the country as he did not agree with the verdict. It was also claimed that he voiced annoyance about appointing Earl Warren stating that it was The biggest damn fool mistake I ever made this is evidence of his intolerance because he disapproved of Warrens decision. Being a military man himself he was use to the segregation system and probably agreed with the idea of separate but equal. This suggests why the Supreme Court had given vague answers of when the deadline should be on desegregation because the president wasnt happy with the decision.To conclude there were many factors to why desegregation wasnt immediate however the most important factor that contributed to preventing desegregation was the south. The fear, the legal documentation created by the south, the behaviour and the powerful leaders from the south made the desegregation difficult and tense. The Souths intolerance caused the most issues, as the north complied with high courts decision quickly as there was less intolerance. * (2B) The work of the matter Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) was the most important moderateness for the desegregation of schools in the years 1950 to 1960 * Explain why you agree or disagree with this view* The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909. Their mission is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination. They are the earliest organisation to aid African- Americans into equality. They have had many successes in desegregating schools and their efforts have gone far however, it is arguable that other organisations, figures and events that were more influential to desegregation in schools than the NAACP. * The NAACP had succeeded in other cases for the r ights of black people however it was the Brown vs. Board of Education that is considered NAACPs victorious achievement. But, without the work of Thurgood marshal that was appointed by the NAACP the outcome might have been different.Other than being the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court he had won 29 out of the 32 he had faced. He was a very intelligent and stood for his rights after winning previous cases for the NAACP himself and a team of NAACP attorneys won Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Other than the NAACP winning the case Thurgood who was part of the NAACP team, was an inspiration to the African Americans. However, the decision didnt lead to an immediate change as there was no clear deadline. The NAACP and Marshall forgot to argue its unavoidableness for change therefore, Brown 2 the case that was to get the urgency it needed however, the decision was vague as it stated with deliberate speed. The NAACP did succeed in the decision of desegregation bu t it had no action. NAACP helped all African Americans in need such as the Little Rock 9 in 1957. The NAACP submitted 9 students to attend the previously all white school Little Rock, this was an achievement as a lot of the south wasnt and would not comply with the high courts orders.However, this turned into a disadvantage as The 9 students was verbally abused, tormented and prevented to enter their new school. The NAACP however, did help them try and enter or submit them in different and safer schools. It wasnt just Little Rock students that they helped enter schools but many.* It is arguable that other factors effected the desegregation of schools such as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court had to pass the laws to gain legal equality, therefore the Brown vs. Education case without the Chief of Justice Earl Warren reaching the decision that segregation is unconstitutional. Desegregation would never have gone through. They pass the McLaurin vs. Oklahoma state regents, this was to desegregate universities. However, other cases were inspired by the efforts of the NAACP, and the outcome they reached in the Brown vs. board of Education Verdict.* However, it was the ordinary people that changed their future by joining protests and helping each other. Such as Linda Brown, if it wasnt for Lindas cause the case to bring desegregation to schools. Linda Brown was the little girl to Oliver Brown, because of his annoyance that his daughter had to walk 6 blocks because of the Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling separate but equal under the Jim shoot a line laws. Her long walks to school led to one of the most monumental events that happened for African Americans.However, Linda Brown was part one of the thirteen families that was recruited to Topeka (the area they lived in), the NAACP took the case for Brown and pursued his plan to desegregate schools. * To conclude The NAACP efforts in desegregating schools were more important than the other factors that influenced desegregatio ns. Without The NAACP providing lawyers such as Marshall and helping brown win his case, Oliver brown wouldnt of won the case. I believe that the NAACPs involvement in the desegregation of schools was the main reason and thats why I agree with the statement.

Economic Development and Social Change Essay Example for Free

sparingalalal Development and Social Change EssaySection 11) What is the primary quill goal of new-fashi adeptdization opening in contrast to theories of jacket arrangement? Comp atomic number 18 and contrast Hoselitz verbal expression of modernization surmisal with Lewis surmisal of neat definingIn the 18th century, during the Age of Enlightenment, an desire named the caprice of Progress emerged whereby its believers were thought of being sure-footed of developing and changing their societies. This philosophy initially appeargond through marquis de Condorcet, who was involved in the origins of the theoretical approach whereby he chooseed that proficient advancements and sparingal compounds rouse enable changes in moral and cultural values. He encouraged technological surgeryes to help give hatful further interpret over their environments, arguing that technological progress would eventually spur social progress. In addition, mile Durkheim develop ed the concept of availableism in the sociological field, which emphasizes on the substanceance of interdependence mingled with the dissimilar institutions of a night club and their int sequencection in maintaining cultural and social unity. His most well kn frivol away tend, The Division of Labour in Society, which come inlines how order in golf-club could be controlled and managed and how primitive societies could make the transition to much frugalally forward-looking industrial societies.A nonher reason for the emergence of the modernization speculation derived from Adam Smiths riches of Nations, which represented the simplespread practical inte anticipate on economic using during a time when in that location was a constant relation between economic theory and economic form _or_ system of government that was considered necessary and obvious. It was by analysing, critiquing, and thus moving away from these assumptions and theories that the modernization theory began to establish itself. At the time the United States entered its era of globalism and a can do attitude characterized its approach, as in the functionalist modernization advanced by B. Hoselitz You depart the ideal typical features or indices of infra reading from those of development, and the remainder is your development program. As he besides presents in Social Structure and Economic Growth , this body of economic theory abstracted from the immediate policy implications to which it was subjectand also assumed human motivations and the social and cultural environment of economic activity as relatively rigid and unchanging prones(23-24). He claims that the contrariety lies in the extra examilanded estate of what is beyond evidently economics terms and adjustments, by restructuring a social relations in general, or at to the funkyest tip those social relations which are relevant to the performance of the reproductive and distri hardlyive tasks of the society(26). Most forms of evolutionism conceived of development as being natural and endogenic, whereas modernization theory makes room for exogenous influences.Its main aim is to produce some understanding of the functional interrelationship of economic and general social variables describing the transition from an economically underdevelop to an advanced society. modernisation theory is usually referred to as a paradigm, nevertheless upon closer term subprograms out to be host to a wide variety of projects, some presumably along the lines of endogenous change namely social differentiation, rationalization, the spread of universalism, achievement and specificity while it has also been associated with projects of exogenous change the spread of capitalism, industrial enterp mug up through technological scattering, westernization, nation building, state formation (as in post compound inheritor states). If occasionally this diversity in spite of appearance modernization is recognized, still the importance of exogenous influences is considered minor and secondary. I do not view modernization as a single, unified, integrated theory in any strict sense of theory. It was an overarching eyeshot concerned with comparative issues of national development, which treated development as multidimensional and multicausal along various axes (economic, political, cultural), and which gave primacy to endogenous rather than exogenous factors. (Tiryakian, 1992 78)In the context of Cold War modernization theory operated as a highly interventionalist as welll enabling the free world to impose its rules and engage in structural imperialism. typically this occurred in the name of the forces of endogenous change such as national building, the entrepreneurial spirit and achievement orientation. In ensnare modernization theory was a form of globalization that was presented as endogenous change. Modernization theory, therefore, emerged from these ideas in order to explain the process of moder nization within societies. The theory examinesnot merely the intimate factors of a uncouth but also how with the aid of technology and the reformation of certain cultural constructions, traditionalistic countries can develop in the selfsame(prenominal) manner that much developed countries do. In this way, the theory attempts to come upon the social variables, which contribute to social progress and the development of societies, and adjudicates to explain the process of social evolution.The question of the functional relations between all or most culture traits is left open, and special attention is given only to those eyeshots of social behaviour that have significance for economic action, particularly as this action relates to conditions touching changes in the output of approximates and services achieved by a society(30). They conceptualize the process of development in a mistakable linear, evolutionary form as older evolutionary theories of progress, but seek to s ee the critical factors that initiate and sustain the development process. These factors, they argue, are both intrinsic and extrinsic the former involves the diffusion of modern technologies and ideas to the developing world, while the latter requires the unveiling of local anaesthetic conditions, such as the mobilization of capital, which lead foster progress. Modernization theorists believe that primitive drudgery, an anachronistic culture, and apathetic personal dispositions combine to maintain an obsolete socioeconomic system that perpetuates low levels of living. Modernization theorists hold that policies designed to deal with these traditional impediments to progress in the main through economic intervention, provide the signalise to prosperity.Overall, Hoselitzs modernization theory is a sociological theory of economic growth that determines the mechanisms by which thesocial social structure of an developing economic system was modernized that is, altered to check on the features of an economically advanced country. Hoselitzs answer was based on the theory of social deviance that is, that modern things were started by people who were different from the norm. Unlike Lewis theories that we will revise later, Hoselitz thought that minuscule private economic development was the best way of achieving development in Third World economies. This particularly involved revaluing what he called entrepreneurial performance, something that Lewis also agrees with, but in a way that provided not only wealthiness but also social status and politicalinfluence. In Chapter 8 of Sociological Aspects of Economic Growth, Hoselitz focuses on the creation of generative cities (that is, cities producing innovations) rather than traditional rural areas were the focal points for the introduction of crude ideas and social and economic practices. Many of the early colonial settlements in the New World and federation Africa, Hoselitz claimed, were parasitic, enjoy ing a certain degree of economic growth within the city itself and its surrounding environs only at the expense of the rest of the region, which was ruth slightly exploited for its natural and bucolic re ejaculates (p.280).Although prescriptions for inducing social change and removing cultural obstacles to economic modernization in developing countries may be described as social policies, they do not seek to deal directly with mass leanness and its attendant problems of malnutrition, ill-health, inadequate housing, illiteracy, and destitution. These critical welfare concerns are rarely referred to by modernization theorists, namely by Hoselitz. Instead, the implicit assumption in his writings is that the process of economic development and social change will raise levels of living and remedy these problems machinematically. Since economic growth, engendered by capital investments in modern industry, will expand practice session, the harmonise of the population in subsistent p overty will steady decline. The increasing numbers of workers in the modern thrift will experience a steady rise in real income that will be sufficient not only to satisfy their staple fibre require for food, clothing, and shelter but permit them to purchase watchr commodities as well as social goods such as medical care, education, and social security.Arthur Lewis was one of the first economists to create a theory about how industrialized and economically stable countries are capable of helping undeveloped countries progress. He presented this theory in his work Economic Development with the Unlimited Supplies of Labor where he brings about the concept of capital formation. He defines it as the transference of savings from households and governments to business celestial spheres, resulting in augmentd output and economic expansion. He claims that his model says, in execution, that if innumerable supplies of grind party are available at a constant realwage, and if any par t of meshwork is reinvested in productive capacity, profits will grow continuously relatively to the national income, and capital formation will also grow relatively to the national income(158). From here bridged off his development of the dickens-sector model of the sparing and the theory of dualism. Both posit the existence of a substantial pool of underutilized get the picture in a backward, subsistent agricultural sector of an delivery that perpetuates low levels of end product and mass poverty.This model comprises two distinct sectors, the capitalist and the subsistence sectors. The former, which may be private or state-owned, includes principally manufacturing industry and estate agriculture the latter, mainly small-scale family agriculture and various other types of unorganized economic activity. Here the capital, income and wages per head, the proportion of income saved, and the rate of technological progress are all much higher in the capitalist sector. The subsist ence sector is both at a very low level, and also dead(a), with negligible investment and technical progress and no unsanded wants emerging. Institutional arrangements are the ones maintaining this chronic disequilibrium between the sectors, implicit in these differences in real income and productivity. In the wide family the members receive approximately the average product of the group even if the marginal product is much less. The process of development, initiated by an increase in the share of capitalists in the national income, I essentially the growth of the capitalist sector at the expense of the subsistence sector, with the goal of the ultimate absorption of the latter by the former. To some extent, this is similar to Hoselitzs development of the modernization theory, whereby the claims that the formation of his generative cities (a) creates a new demand for industrial stark materials from the surrounding region, and (b) realizes new population to the cities, thereby i ncreasing the demand for food from the countryside. The net opinion of these forces is a widening of economic development over an increasing area affecting a growing proportion of the population outside the city(Hoselitz, 282).However, Lewis theory has several limitations and conditions, most importantly that his theory can be apply only in countries with unlimited supplies of labor. Unlimited supplies of labor arise from the employment of more(prenominal) workers than is fruit exuberanty effective. Lewis went through all of the areas of Caribbean society where he thought there were pools of labour in which the marginal productivity was contradict, negligible or naught. His plan now was to make this a potential, industrial labour force. He could take all of the labour away from agriculture, away from casual labour, without lowering the profit margins of the places where they are currently employed. This was not a radical, disruptive assault on the existing economic order, which resulted in one of the main reasons that his theory was so successful. Ineffective production, occurring when an additional worker prevented the previous one from producing another product ( then equaling a negative marginal productivity) was common in the Caribbean, Southeast Asia and other undeveloped regions of the world.Several sectors of the economy employ too more people with negligible, zero or negative marginal productivity. According to Lewis these productively unnecessary individuals are employed in agriculture, or are casual workers, petty traders, or women of the household. He claims that the transfer of these peoples work from these areas towards commercial employment is one of the most notable features of economic development. The second source of labor for expanding industries is the increase in the population resulting from the intemperance of births over deaths. by and by his analysis of the effect of development on death rate, whereby he concludes that death rates come down with development from around 40 to around 12 per thousand(144), he claims therefore that in any society where the death rate is around 40 per thousand, the effect of economic development will be to generate an increase in the picture of labor(144). From this point of view, he states, there can be in an over-populated economy an enormous expansion of new industries or new employment opportunities without any shortage of unskilled labor(145), though too many people could a boost cause ineffective production. He clarifies this by saying, Only so much labor should be used with capital as will reduce the marginal productivity of labor to zero(145). This can be achieved by offering and maintaining decently high wages. The wages offered should be only roughly higher than the wages available in the subsistence sector, since wages that are too high may attract more workers than needed.But firstly, and perhaps most importantly, entrepreneurial-minded capitalists are required in order to invest in the nation. Tax holidays attract the foreign capitalists. It is not a very difficult task, because they have very good incentives to come. The planter class in the Caribbean seemed just like the planter class in the American South it had no desire to go industrial and no desire to go competitive. It was still trapped in a situation between an old monopoly system and a grocery store situation since they were able to transact for a protected marketplace for sugar, not a competitive market. Lewis then looked around realized the only way he could keep this program of industrialization launched would be by visiting England and America where capitalists and entrepreneurs were well-heeled and foster their entrance into the Caribbean. Again, he employed the concept of a dual economy where a subsistence sector existed, but also from where he created from scratch this modern industrial sector to establish on modern capitalism. Capitalists in North America and Europ e undercoat these labouring conditions and personifys in the Caribbean quite attractive. getting this labour to the imported capitalists would not be resisted locally because he was taking those labourers with marginal productivity of zero. in one case they began working, he would then re-invest more capital into the factory, so that it could expand, employ more workers, export more products, and increase profits, hence developing a self-feeding system that would eventually lead the national income to grow. Although Hoselitz also is of the belief that the formation of a dual economy is beneficial, rather than inevitably attract foreign capitalists through such incentives, Hoselitz believes that the creation of westernized cities led the way forward. He claims that cities modelled after the western hemisphereern cities exhibited a spirit difference from the traditionalism of the countryside. In this way, he differs slightly from Lewis in that he favored a shift in political indi cator away from traditional leaders and toward total control by economic and urban modernizers in underdeveloped countries, not necessarily foreign entrepreneurial capitalist as Lewis asserts.Lewis knew that some products would work better than others, so he developed an Industrial Programming Market a number of basic calculations about those particular commodities, if produced in the Caribbean, would beparticularly competitive internationally. And so as a result of this study Lewis found that the production of airbrushes, gloves, furniture, needles, shirts, and leather goods would be particularly good to produce, given the skills of the labour force available at the time. For the self-feeding system to be a continuous process, costs of labour had to remain fairly constant. If the cost of labour rose too rapidly, they would not be sustained since the goods would no longer be internationally competitive. The key to this model is indeed international competitiveness. Capitalists can create more capital when the supply of money is higher, and hence if governments create credit, inflation arises yet does not have the same effect as the inflation that arises during stamp periods. This inflation only has an effect on the prices in the short- exit so that in the long run the final effect equal to what it would be if capital was formed by the reinvestment of profit. Lewis discusses at some duration the methods by which governments of underdeveloped countries can raise revenue, especially the substantial funds required for government capital formation. For familiar political and administrative reasons much of this revenue has to be raised from indirect taxes, notably import and excise duties and export taxes. He argues that indirect taxation is more likely to increase than to decrease the supply of effortThe taxpayer usually does not know how much tax is included in the prices of the articles he buys, so in so far as the disincentive effect of taxation is psychologic al it can be avoided by using indirect rather than direct taxes If it is an increase in indirect taxation, the effect is probably to increase effort rather than to reduce it (414).Because of the multiple restrictions in this model, it is designed for countries with unlimited supplies of labor and hence this growth has a limit The process must stop when capital accumulation has caught up with population, so there is no longer surplus labor(172). Furthermore, if wages are too high, they may consume the entirety of the profit leading to no re-investment. Several other reasons for the end of capital formation convert the occurrence of natural disasters, war or a change of political system can also prevent further economic expansion in a closed economy.Lewis model is powerful but also highly restricted and specific to only a handful of nations. Some critics also claim that the distinction between the two sectors is too sharp that small-scale agriculture is often far from stagnant and t he emergence of the production of cash crops by individual producers has in fact been a key factor in economic development since capital formation is actually created in this type of agriculture. Also, this model requires low wages for the labor force, yet very low wages result in a wide gap between the lower and upper class in a society, an issue that many have questioned thoroughly. Lewis says openly that exploitation can easily occur in this model, but that it is part of capital accumulation. He believes that one has to sacrifice a generation to grow the economy, because he assumed that if all goes well and more consumers are attracted to Caribbean, they will generate more business, and the economy will grow to the point where the wealth can be redistributed to the people. He reckoned that it would take, given the rate of growth that he observed in the Caribbean, one generation, thus a period between 40 and 50 years, to grow the economy and claim that poverty could be eradicated in this region. And yet the cost of this would be exploiting this generation, so that their children could make from it later.Hoselitz, as stated earlier, applied the ideas of Parsons and other sociologists to an analysis of the development process under the assumption, drawn from Adam Smith, that increasing productivity was associated with more detailed social divisions of labor A society on a low level of economic development is, therefore, one in which productivity is low because division of labor is little developed, in which the objectives of economic activity are more commonly the maintenance or strengthening of status relations, which social and geographic mobility is low, and in which the hard cake of custom determines the manner, and often the effects, of economic performance. An economically highly developed society, in contrast, is characterized by a complex division of social labor, a relatively open social structure from which caste barriers are absent and class barri ers are surmountable, in which social roles and gains from economic activity are distributed essentially on the basis of achievement, and in which, therefore, innovation, the search for and exploitation of profitable market situations,and the ruthless interestingness of self-interest without regard to the welfare of others is fully sanctioned. (Hoselitz, 1960 60).These preceding theories both provide us with some precedent indications and developments of views of modern social orders broader than that envisaged in the initial models provided. They stress the historical dimensions of the process of development, emphasizing that this process is not universal, something in the very nature of humanity or in the natural development of human societies. Instead, the modernization process is fully bound to a certain period in human history, even though in itself it is continuously developing and changing throughout this period. Development and the challenges it brings forward constitute a basic given for most contemporary societies. Though it certainly is pervasive in the contemporary setting, it is not necessarily irreversible in the future, and it would be wrong to assume that once these forces have impinged on any society, they naturally push toward a given, relatively fixed end-plateau. Rather, as we have seen, they evoke within different societies, in different situations, a variety of responses which depend on the broad sets of internal conditions of these societies, on the structure of the situation of change in which they are caught, and the very nature of the international system and relations, whether those of dependency or of international competition. Section 25) Briefly outline David Ricardos theory of comparative advantage then outline in greater detail Samir Amins theory of outer boundary capitalism and why he thinks that trade between the central and circumferential capitalist economies does not meet the conditions of Ricardos theoryIn 1817, David R icardo, an English political economist, contributed theory of comparative advantage in his book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. This theory of comparative advantage, also called comparative cost theory, is regarded as the continent theory of international trade. According to the classical theory of international trade, every(prenominal) country will produce their commodities for the production of which it is most desirable in terms of its natural endowments climate quality of soil, means of transport,capital, etc. It will produce these commodities in excess of its own requirement and will exchange the surplus with the imports of goods from other countries for the production of which it is not well suited or which it cannot produce at all. Thus all countries produce and export these commodities in which they have cost advantages and import those commodities in which they have cost separates. Ricardo states that even if a nation had an absolute disadvantage in the pr oduction of both commodities with respect to the other nation, mutually advantageous trade could still take place. The less efficient nation should specialize in the production and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is less. This is the commodity in which the nation has a comparative advantage.Ricardo takes into account the following assumptions there are two countries and two commodities there is a perfect competition both in commodity and factor market cost of production is expressed in terms of labor labor is the only factor of production other than natural resources labor is homogeneous i.e. equal in efficiency, in a particular country labor is perfectly mobile within a country but perfectly immobile between countries there is free trade production is subject to constant returns to scale there is no technological change trade between two countries takes place on barter system full employment exists in both countries there are no transport costs.In 1973, Samir Amin, an Egyptian political economist, begins his intercourse in Unequal Development by referring to Marxs writing on non-European societies, namely India and China, and creates a work in which he reevaluates Peter Evans theory of Dependent Development and simultaneously presents his theory of marginal capitalism in developing societies. He shows how these early ideas established the notion of the centre and the fringe, and how the development of capitalism in the periphery was to remain extraverted, based on the external market, and could therefore not lead to a full flowering of the capitalist mode of production in the periphery(199). He then begins to develop his own theory of the transition to peripheral capitalist economy by questioning David Ricardos assumptions in his theory of comparative advantage, and later outlines nine theses tosupport his views. Peripheral capitalism is based on, but not identical to, the imperialistic relationships developed between colonizing nations and their colonies. In this economic relationship, the players are the same the colonizing nation becomes the center, while the colony becomes the periphery but the role that each society plays is different from the classic imperialist relationship. The peripheral economy is marked by extreme dependence on external demand, or extraversion, as well as stunted and unequal rates of development within the society. Amin maintains that in order for these societies to break free of extroversion and develop, they must be actively removed from the peripheral capitalist relationship. He proposes nationalization and socialization as an alternative, a system which-when contrasted with peripheral capitalism-could not be a more different approach to economic development. Unfortunately for the developing nations, socialism was largely unsuccessful as an economic experiment, consistently causing stagnancy and underdevelopment in societies that attempted it.Peripheral capitalism evolves from colonial imperialism, an economic system in which the colonizing nation penetrates blockheaded into the heart of the colonial economy in an effort to manipulate it towards the service of the mother country. Every aspect of the colonial economy is geared not towards the expansion of the colonial economy itself, but rather towards the production of something that the colonizing nation cannot produce itself. As a result, the success and the existence of a particular sector of the colonial economy is dependent upon whether or not the mother country has a need for that sector colonial economies are rooted heavily in external demand. This extroversion leaves the colonial economy without an indigenous set of linkages, as economic sectors that will benefit from colonial activity function mostly within the economy of the colonizing nation. When autocentric, or internally-driven, economic growth is blocked in such a way that a peripheral economy emerges with the same sort of external d ependence on the central economy that was suffered by the colonial economy.The peripheral economy is typically plagued by an unequal division of labor, or distinction, between itself and the central economy. season the latterenjoys the benefits and progress associated with industrialization, the periphery tends to remain predominantly agricultural. What little industry may exist in the peripheral economy is most often light industrial production of small, simple goods, as strange to the heavy industrial production of machinery and complex products that characterizes the central economy. Additionally, Amin argues that there is often a hypertrophy of the third sector(200) of the peripheral economy too much of the economy is devoted to providing services, expressed especially in the excessive growth of administrative expenditure(201) effectively anchoring the societys development due to a need of productive advancement.Yet another malady of the peripheral economy is the reduced val ue of the local multiplier effect, another result of the remnants of economic infrastructure modification from the colonial period. If an economy is replete with linkage sectors, then any money put into the leading sector will generate a multiplied effect in all of the forward and backward linkages of that industry. Peripheral economies, however, are effectively stripped of linkages during their colonial stagecoach of development hence spending in the peripheral economy ultimately benefits the central economy, where most of the peripheral industries linkages are realized. Not only is the local multiplier effect reduced in the peripheral economy, but Amin claims that it also leads to the marked propensity to import(201), and thus is in effect transferred to the central economy, where revenue is quiet every time money is spent in the periphery. Because peripheral input ultimately goes abroad, local businesses are not stimulated, as they would be if linkages were realized within the periphery, worsening the already-detrimental conditions of the peripheral economy. Adding to the miss of stimulation of local business is the fact that peripheral industries tend to be dominated by monopolies established from foreign capital. After the majority of revenue goes to the central economy through linkage industries, what little money remains in the local economy is often put into businesses controlled by central capitalists. In other words, almost every dollar put into the periphery ultimately finds its way to the central economy.In Unequal Development, Amin maintains that no economy can be expected todevelop without successfully making the transition from extrovert to introvert so that it can assert the dominance of the exporting sector over the economic structure as a whole(203), and that no peripheral capitalist economy can independently heal the economic wounds inflicted by colonialism. Therefore, the only way to promote development in peripheral capitalist economies is to actively remove them from their inexpedient relationship with the central economy, which, according to Amin, should be replaced by internal nationalization and socialization of the once-peripheral economy. The establishment of a nationalist socialist state would serve both to eliminate external dependence, as well as to reconcile the disarticulated nature of the local economy.The first critique of Ricardos theory made by Amin is its lack of specificity claiming that his examples of trade between Portugal and England were very exclusive to intra-European trade and could not exactly be applied to relations between several different country relations around the World. If there is a large difference in GDP between two countries, then what statistics demonstrate is that the country with the smaller GDP would benefit more from this transaction, and this was the source of special problems that dictated development policies in the periphery that were different from those on which d evelopment of the West was based(201) a factor that Ricardo hadnt considered it in his theory. Another vital yet neglected consideration was the importance of the commodity in terms of a nations GDP wine was a big section of the Portuguese GDP, greater than it was for England, so the trade benefited the Portuguese to a greater extent than it did to the British.He elaborates upon this idea by explaining how the relation between central and periphery assumes the mobility of capital, since the centre is investing greatly in the periphery. What the periphery chooses to specialize in is to a large extent determined by the centre, since very often the pickaxe comes after it has been forced to serve the imperial country. As he clearly states, this type of trade compels the periphery to confine itself to the role of complementary supplier of products for the production of which it possesses a natural advantage exotic agricultural produce andminerals(200). The result is a decrease in the l evel of wages in the periphery for the same level of productivity than at the centre, hence limiting the development of industries focused on the home market of the periphery. The disarticulation due to the adjustment of the orientation of production in the periphery to the needs of the centre prevents the transmission of the benefits of economic progress from the poles of development to the economy as a whole. Overall, this is what Amin defines by unequal specialization, which in turn violates the conditions of Ricardos theory. Another argument that Amin makes involved the Keynesian multiplier effect. He claims that this effect does not take place to the situation at the centre because of its advantaged stage of monopoly, characterized by difficulties in producing surplus. Due to this unequal specialization as well as the significant propensity to import that follows, the effect is a transferring of multiplier effect mechanisms and the accelerator theorem from the periphery to the centre.Furthermore, Amin includes the social aspect of this process, which is a result of the individual history of each nation and the power imbalance created. Amin finds that the nature of the pre-capitalist formations that took place previously and the epoch in which they became integrated in the capitalist system are both very important factors in determining the presence or lack of development to come. He also draws a line between two different terms, peripheral formations and unexampled central formations, whereby the latter, based on the predominance of a simple commodity mode of production, are capable of independently evolving towards a fully developed capitalist mode of production. Amin terminates by asserting the domination by central capital over the system as a whole, and the vital mechanisms of primitive accumulation for its benefit which express this domination, subject the development of peripheral national capitalism to strict limitations(202).These countries would hence not gain equal benefits under this trade, only if the patterns of specialization were undertaken in more ideal conditions, conditions that approximated Ricardos theory more closely. Rather than being a positive force for development, this type of trade becomes a forcecreated under development. It will contribute to development in the centre, and underdevelopment in the periphery. He concludes that this inevitably hinders the development of peripheral nations the impossibility, whatever the level of production per head that may be obtained, of going over to auto centric and auto dynamic growth(202).